HEXDUMP(1)



HEXDUMP(1)                       User Commands                      HEXDUMP(1)

NAME
       hexdump  -  display  file  contents  in hexadecimal, decimal, octal, or
       ascii

SYNOPSIS
       hexdump [options] file...

DESCRIPTION
       The hexdump utility is a filter which displays the specified files,  or
       standard input if no files are specified, in a user-specified format.

OPTIONS
       Below,  the  length  and offset arguments may be followed by the multi-
       plicative suffixes KiB (=1024), MiB (=1024*1024), and so  on  for  GiB,
       TiB,  PiB,  EiB,  ZiB  and YiB (the "iB" is optional, e.g., "K" has the
       same meaning as "KiB"), or the suffixes KB  (=1000),  MB  (=1000*1000),
       and so on for GB, TB, PB, EB, ZB and YB.

       -b, --one-byte-octal
              One-byte  octal  display.  Display the input offset in hexadeci-
              mal, followed by sixteen  space-separated,  three-column,  zero-
              filled bytes of input data, in octal, per line.

       -c, --one-byte-char
              One-byte  character  display.  Display the input offset in hexa-
              decimal,  followed  by  sixteen  space-separated,  three-column,
              space-filled characters of input data per line.

       -C, --canonical
              Canonical  hex+ASCII display.  Display the input offset in hexa-
              decimal, followed by sixteen space-separated, two-column,  hexa-
              decimal  bytes, followed by the same sixteen bytes in %_p format
              enclosed in '|' characters.  Invoking the program as hd  implies
              this option.

       -d, --two-bytes-decimal
              Two-byte decimal display.  Display the input offset in hexadeci-
              mal,  followed  by  eight  space-separated,  five-column,  zero-
              filled,  two-byte  units of input data, in unsigned decimal, per
              line.

       -e, --format format_string
              Specify a format string to be used for displaying data.

       -f, --format-file file
              Specify a file that contains one or more newline-separated  for-
              mat  strings.  Empty lines and lines whose first non-blank char-
              acter is a hash mark (#) are ignored.

       -L, --color[=when]
              Accept color units for the output.  The optional  argument  when
              can  be auto, never or always.  If the when argument is omitted,
              it defaults to auto.  The colors can be disabled; for  the  cur-
              rent  built-in default see the --help output.  See also the Col-
              ors subsection and the COLORS section below.

       -n, --length length
              Interpret only length bytes of input.

       -o, --two-bytes-octal
              Two-byte octal display.  Display the input offset  in  hexadeci-
              mal, followed by eight space-separated, six-column, zero-filled,
              two-byte quantities of input data, in octal, per line.

       -s, --skip offset
              Skip offset bytes from the beginning of the input.

       -v, --no-squeezing
              The -v option causes hexdump to display all input data.  Without
              the  -v option, any number of groups of output lines which would
              be identical to the immediately preceding group of output  lines
              (except  for  the  input offsets), are replaced with a line com-
              prised of a single asterisk.

       -x, --two-bytes-hex
              Two-byte hexadecimal display.  Display the input offset in hexa-
              decimal,  followed  by eight space-separated, four-column, zero-
              filled, two-byte quantities of input data, in  hexadecimal,  per
              line.

       -V, --version
              Display version information and exit.

       -h, --help
              Display help text and exit.

       For  each input file, hexdump sequentially copies the input to standard
       output, transforming the data according to the format strings specified
       by the -e and -f options, in the order that they were specified.

FORMATS
       A  format  string  contains  any  number  of format units, separated by
       whitespace.  A format unit contains up to  three  items:  an  iteration
       count, a byte count, and a format.

       The  iteration count is an optional positive integer, which defaults to
       one.  Each format is applied iteration count times.

       The byte count is an optional positive integer.  If  specified  it  de-
       fines  the  number  of bytes to be interpreted by each iteration of the
       format.

       If an iteration count and/or a byte count is specified, a single  slash
       must  be  placed after the iteration count and/or before the byte count
       to disambiguate them.  Any whitespace before or after the slash is  ig-
       nored.

       The  format  is  required  and must be surrounded by double quote (" ")
       marks.  It  is  interpreted  as  a  fprintf-style  format  string  (see
       fprintf(3), with the following exceptions:

       1.     An asterisk (*) may not be used as a field width or precision.

       2.     A  byte  count or field precision is required for each s conver-
              sion character (unlike the fprintf(3) default which  prints  the
              entire string if the precision is unspecified).

       3.     The conversion characters h, l, n, p, and q are not supported.

       4.     The  single  character escape sequences described in the C stan-
              dard are supported:

                    NULL                 \0
                    <alert character>    \a
                    <backspace>          \b
                    <form-feed>          \f
                    <newline>            \n
                    <carriage return>    \r
                    <tab>                \t
                    <vertical tab>       \v

   Conversion strings
       The hexdump utility also supports the following  additional  conversion
       strings.

       _a[dox]
              Display  the input offset, cumulative across input files, of the
              next byte to be displayed.  The appended characters d, o, and  x
              specify  the  display  base as decimal, octal or hexadecimal re-
              spectively.

       _A[dox]
              Identical to the _a conversion string except  that  it  is  only
              performed once, when all of the input data has been processed.

       _c     Output  characters  in  the default character set.  Non-printing
              characters are displayed in three-character, zero-padded  octal,
              except  for those representable by standard escape notation (see
              above), which are displayed as two-character strings.

       _p     Output characters in the default  character  set.   Non-printing
              characters are displayed as a single '.'.

       _u     Output  US  ASCII  characters,  with  the exception that control
              characters are displayed using the following, lower-case, names.
              Characters  greater  than  0xff,  hexadecimal,  are displayed as
              hexadecimal strings.

                 000 nul   001 soh   002 stx   003 etx   004 eot   005 enq
                 006 ack   007 bel   008 bs    009 ht    00A lf    00B vt
                 00C ff    00D cr    00E so    00F si    010 dle   011 dc1
                 012 dc2   013 dc3   014 dc4   015 nak   016 syn   017 etb
                 018 can   019 em    01A sub   01B esc   01C fs    01D gs
                 01E rs    01F us    0FF del

   Colors
       When put at the end of a format specifier, hexdump highlights  the  re-
       spective  string with the color specified.  Conditions, if present, are
       evaluated prior to highlighting.

       _L[color_unit_1,color_unit_2,...,color_unit_n]

       The full syntax of a color unit is as follows:

       [!]COLOR[:VALUE][@OFFSET_START[-END]]

       !      Negate the condition.  Please note that it only makes  sense  to
              negate  a  unit  if both a value/string and an offset are speci-
              fied.  In that case the respective output string will  be  high-
              lighted  if  and only if the value/string does not match the one
              at the offset.

       COLOR  One of the 8 basic shell colors.

       VALUE  A value to be matched specified in hexadecimal, or  octal  base,
              or  as  a string.  Please note that the usual C escape sequences
              are not interpreted by hexdump inside the color_units.

       OFFSET An offset or an offset range at which  to  check  for  a  match.
              Please  note  that  lone OFFSET_START uses the same value as END
              offset.

   Counters
       The default and supported byte counts for the conversion characters are
       as follows:

       %_c, %_p, %_u, %c
              One byte counts only.

       %d, %i, %o, %u, %X, %x
              Four byte default, one, two and four byte counts supported.

       %E, %e, %f, %G, %g
              Eight byte default, four byte counts supported.

       The  amount of data interpreted by each format string is the sum of the
       data required by each format unit, which is the iteration  count  times
       the  byte  count,  or the iteration count times the number of bytes re-
       quired by the format if the byte count is not specified.

       The input is manipulated in blocks, where a block  is  defined  as  the
       largest  amount of data specified by any format string.  Format strings
       interpreting less than an input block's worth of data, whose last  for-
       mat unit both interprets some number of bytes and does not have a spec-
       ified iteration count, have the iteration count incremented  until  the
       entire  input  block has been processed or there is not enough data re-
       maining in the block to satisfy the format string.

       If, either as a result of user specification or hexdump  modifying  the
       iteration  count as described above, an iteration count is greater than
       one, no trailing whitespace characters are output during the last iter-
       ation.

       It  is  an error to specify a byte count as well as multiple conversion
       characters or strings unless all but one of the  conversion  characters
       or strings is _a or _A.

       If,  as  a  result of the specification of the -n option or end-of-file
       being reached, input data only partially satisfies a format string, the
       input  block  is zero-padded sufficiently to display all available data
       (i.e., any format units overlapping the end of data will  display  some
       number of the zero bytes).

       Further output by such format strings is replaced by an equivalent num-
       ber of spaces.  An equivalent number of spaces is defined as the number
       of spaces output by an s conversion character with the same field width
       and precision as the original conversion character or conversion string
       but with any '+', ' ', '#' conversion flag characters removed, and ref-
       erencing a NULL string.

       If no format strings are specified, the default display is very similar
       to the -x output format (the -x option causes more space to be used be-
       tween format units than in the default output).

EXIT STATUS
       hexdump exits 0 on success and >0 if an error occurred.

EXAMPLES
       Display the input in perusal format:
          "%06.6_ao "  12/1 "%3_u "
          "\t\t" "%_p "
          "\n"

       Implement the -x option:
          "%07.7_Ax\n"
          "%07.7_ax  " 8/2 "%04x " "\n"

       MBR Boot Signature example: Highlight the addresses cyan and the bytes at
       offsets 510 and 511 green if their value is 0xAA55, red otherwise.
          "%07.7_Ax_L[cyan]\n"
          "%07.7_ax_L[cyan]  " 8/2 "   %04x_L[green:0xAA55@510-511,!red:0xAA55@510-511] " "\n"

COLORS
       Implicit coloring can be disabled by an empty  file  /etc/terminal-col-
       ors.d/hexdump.disable.

       See terminal-colors.d(5) for more details about colorization configura-
       tion.

STANDARDS
       The hexdump utility is expected to be IEEE Std 1003.2 ("POSIX.2")  com-
       patible.

AVAILABILITY
       The  hexdump command is part of the util-linux package and is available
       from Linux Kernel Archive <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-
       linux/>.

util-linux                        April 2013                        HEXDUMP(1)

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