TROFF(1) General Commands Manual TROFF(1)
NAME
troff - the troff processor of the groff text formatting system
SYNOPSIS
troff [-abcivzCERU] [-d cs] [-f fam] [-F dir] [-I dir] [-m name]
[-M dir] [-n num] [-o list] [-r cn] [-T name] [-w name] [-W name]
[file ...]
DESCRIPTION
This manual page describes the GNU version of troff. It is part of the
groff document formatting system. It is functionally compatible with
Unix troff, but has many extensions, see groff_diff(7). Usually it
should be invoked using the groff(1) command which will also run pre-
processors and postprocessors in the appropriate order and with the ap-
propriate options.
OPTIONS
Whitespace is permitted between a command-line option and its argument.
-a Generate an ASCII approximation of the typeset output.
-b Print a backtrace with each warning or error message. This
backtrace should help track down the cause of the error. The
line numbers given in the backtrace may not always be correct,
for troff's idea of line numbers gets confused by as or am re-
quests.
-c Disable color output (always disabled in compatibility mode).
-C Enable compatibility mode.
-dcs
-dname=s
Define c or name to be a string s; c must be a one letter name.
-E Inhibit all error messages of troff. Note that this doesn't af-
fect messages output to standard error by macro packages using
the tm or tm1 requests.
-ffam Use fam as the default font family.
-Fdir Search in directory (or directory path) dir for subdirectories
devname (name is the name of the device) and there for the DESC
file and font files. dir is scanned before all other font di-
rectories.
-i Read the standard input after all the named input files have
been processed.
-Idir This option may be used to add a directory to the search path
for files (both those on the command line and those named in
.psbb requests). The search path is initialized with the cur-
rent directory. This option may be specified more than once;
the directories are then searched in the order specified (but
before the current directory). If you want to make the current
directory be read before other directories, add -I. at the ap-
propriate place.
No directory search is performed for files with an absolute file
name.
-mname Read in the file name.tmac. If it isn't found, try tmac.name
instead. It will be first searched for in directories given
with the -M command-line option, then in directories given in
the GROFF_TMAC_PATH environment variable, then in the current
directory (only if in unsafe mode), the home directory, /usr/
lib/groff/site-tmac, /usr/share/groff/site-tmac, and /usr/share/
groff/1.22.4/tmac.
-Mdir Search directory (or directory path) dir for macro files. This
is scanned before all other macro directories.
-nnum Number the first page num.
-olist Output only pages in list, which is a comma-separated list of
page ranges; n means print page n, m-n means print every page
between m and n, -n means print every page up to n, n- means
print every page from n. troff will exit after printing the
last page in the list.
-rcn
-rname=n
Set number register c or name to n; c must be a one character
name; n can be any troff numeric expression.
-R Don't load troffrc and troffrc-end.
-Tname Prepare output for device name, rather than the default ps; see
groff(1) for a more detailed description.
-U Unsafe mode. This will enable the following requests: open,
opena, pso, sy, and pi. For security reasons, these potentially
dangerous requests are disabled otherwise. It will also add the
current directory to the macro search path.
-v Print the version number.
-wname Enable warning name. Available warnings are described in sec-
tion "Warnings" below. To enable most useful warnings use -w
all. To enable absolutely all warnings use -w w instead. Mul-
tiple -w options are allowed.
-Wname Inhibit warning name. Multiple -W options are allowed.
-z Suppress formatted output.
WARNINGS
The warnings that can be given by troff are divided into the following
categories. The name associated with each warning is used by the -w
and -W options; the number is used by the warn request, and by the
.warn register; it is always a power of 2 to allow bitwise composition.
+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|Bit Code Warning | Bit Code Warning |
+---------------------+-----------------------------+
| 0 1 char | 10 1024 reg |
| 1 2 number | 11 2048 tab |
| 2 4 break | 12 4096 right-brace |
| 3 8 delim | 13 8192 missing |
| 4 16 el | 14 16384 input |
| 5 32 scale | 15 32768 escape |
| 6 64 range | 16 65536 space |
| 7 128 syntax | 17 131072 font |
| 8 256 di | 18 262144 ig |
| 9 512 mac | 19 524288 color |
| | 20 1048576 file |
+---------------------+-----------------------------+
break 4 In fill mode, lines which could not be broken so
that their length was less than the line length.
This is enabled by default.
char 1 Non-existent characters. This is enabled by de-
fault.
color 524288 Color-related warnings.
delim 8 Missing or mismatched closing delimiters.
di 256 Use of di or da without an argument when there is
no current diversion.
el 16 Use of the el request with no matching ie request.
escape 32768 Unrecognized escape sequences. When an unrecog-
nized escape sequence is encountered, the escape
character is ignored.
file 1048576 Indicates a missing file for the mso request. En-
abled by default.
font 131072 Non-existent fonts. This is enabled by default.
ig 262144 Invalid escapes in text ignored with the ig re-
quest. These are conditions that are errors when
they do not occur in ignored text.
input 16384 Invalid input characters.
mac 512 Use of undefined strings, macros and diversions.
When an undefined string, macro or diversion is
used, that string is automatically defined as
empty. So, in most cases, at most one warning will
be given for each name.
missing 8192 Requests that are missing non-optional arguments.
number 2 Invalid numeric expressions. This is enabled by
default.
range 64 Out of range arguments.
reg 1024 Use of undefined number registers. When an unde-
fined number register is used, that register is au-
tomatically defined to have a value of 0. So, in
most cases, at most one warning will be given for
use of a particular name.
right-brace 4096 Use of \} where a number was expected.
scale 32 Meaningless scaling indicators.
space 65536 Missing space between a request or macro and its
argument. This warning will be given when an unde-
fined name longer than two characters is encoun-
tered, and the first two characters of the name
make a defined name. The request or macro will not
be invoked. When this warning is given, no macro
is automatically defined. This is enabled by de-
fault. This warning will never occur in compati-
bility mode.
syntax 128 Dubious syntax in numeric expressions.
tab 2048 Inappropriate use of a tab character. Either use
of a tab character where a number was expected, or
use of tab character in an unquoted macro argument.
There are also names that can be used to refer to groups of warnings:
all All warnings except di, mac, and reg. It is intended that this
covers all warnings that are useful with traditional macro pack-
ages.
w All warnings.
ENVIRONMENT
GROFF_TMAC_PATH
A colon separated list of directories in which to search for
macro files. troff will scan directories given in the -M option
before these, and in standard directories (current directory if
in unsafe mode, home directory, /usr/lib/groff/site-tmac, /usr/
share/groff/site-tmac, /usr/share/groff/1.22.4/tmac) after
these.
GROFF_TYPESETTER
Default device.
GROFF_FONT_PATH
A colon separated list of directories in which to search for the
devname directory. troff will scan directories given in the -F
option before these, and in standard directories (/usr/share/
groff/site-font, /usr/share/groff/1.22.4/font, /usr/lib/font)
after these.
FILES
/usr/share/groff/1.22.4/tmac/troffrc
Initialization file (called before any other macro package).
/usr/share/groff/1.22.4/tmac/troffrc-end
Initialization file (called after any other macro package).
/usr/share/groff/1.22.4/tmac/name.tmac
/usr/share/groff/1.22.4/tmac/tmac.name
Macro files
/usr/share/groff/1.22.4/font/devname/DESC
Device description file for device name.
/usr/share/groff/1.22.4/font/devname/F
Font file for font F of device name.
Note that troffrc and troffrc-end are searched for neither in the cur-
rent nor the home directory by default for security reasons (even if
the -U option is given). Use the -M command-line option or the
GROFF_TMAC_PATH environment variable to add these directories to the
search path if necessary.
AUTHORS
The GNU version of troff was originally written by James Clark; he also
wrote the original version of this document, which was modified by
Werner Lemberg <wl@gnu.org> and Bernd Warken <groff-bernd.warken-72@
web.de>.
SEE ALSO
groff(1)
The main program of the groff system, a wrapper around troff.
groff(7)
A description of the groff language, including a short but com-
plete reference of all predefined requests, registers, and es-
capes of plain groff. From the command line, this is called by
man 7 groff
groff_diff(7)
The differences of the groff language and the classical troff
language. Currently, this is the most actual document of the
groff system.
roff(7)
An overview over groff and other roff systems, including point-
ers to further related documentation.
Groff: The GNU Implementation of troff, by Trent A. Fisher and Werner
Lemberg, is the primary groff manual. You can browse it interactively
with "info groff".
groff 1.22.4 6 May 2020 TROFF(1)