perlembed(1)



PERLEMBED(1)           Perl Programmers Reference Guide           PERLEMBED(1)

NAME
       perlembed - how to embed perl in your C program

DESCRIPTION
   PREAMBLE
       Do you want to:

       Use C from Perl?
            Read perlxstut, perlxs, h2xs, perlguts, and perlapi.

       Use a Unix program from Perl?
            Read about back-quotes and about "system" and "exec" in perlfunc.

       Use Perl from Perl?
            Read about "do" in perlfunc and "eval" in perlfunc and "require"
            in perlfunc and "use" in perlfunc.

       Use C from C?
            Rethink your design.

       Use Perl from C?
            Read on...

   ROADMAP
       o    Compiling your C program

       o    Adding a Perl interpreter to your C program

       o    Calling a Perl subroutine from your C program

       o    Evaluating a Perl statement from your C program

       o    Performing Perl pattern matches and substitutions from your C
            program

       o    Fiddling with the Perl stack from your C program

       o    Maintaining a persistent interpreter

       o    Maintaining multiple interpreter instances

       o    Using Perl modules, which themselves use C libraries, from your C
            program

       o    Embedding Perl under Win32

   Compiling your C program
       If you have trouble compiling the scripts in this documentation, you're
       not alone.  The cardinal rule: COMPILE THE PROGRAMS IN EXACTLY THE SAME
       WAY THAT YOUR PERL WAS COMPILED.  (Sorry for yelling.)

       Also, every C program that uses Perl must link in the perl library.
       What's that, you ask?  Perl is itself written in C; the perl library is
       the collection of compiled C programs that were used to create your
       perl executable (/usr/bin/perl or equivalent).  (Corollary: you can't
       use Perl from your C program unless Perl has been compiled on your
       machine, or installed properly--that's why you shouldn't blithely copy
       Perl executables from machine to machine without also copying the lib
       directory.)

       When you use Perl from C, your C program will--usually--allocate,
       "run", and deallocate a PerlInterpreter object, which is defined by the
       perl library.

       If your copy of Perl is recent enough to contain this documentation
       (version 5.002 or later), then the perl library (and EXTERN.h and
       perl.h, which you'll also need) will reside in a directory that looks
       like this:

           /usr/local/lib/perl5/your_architecture_here/CORE

       or perhaps just

           /usr/local/lib/perl5/CORE

       or maybe something like

           /usr/opt/perl5/CORE

       Execute this statement for a hint about where to find CORE:

           perl -MConfig -e 'print $Config{archlib}'

       Here's how you'd compile the example in the next section, "Adding a
       Perl interpreter to your C program", on my Linux box:

           % gcc -O2 -Dbool=char -DHAS_BOOL -I/usr/local/include
           -I/usr/local/lib/perl5/i586-linux/5.003/CORE
           -L/usr/local/lib/perl5/i586-linux/5.003/CORE
           -o interp interp.c -lperl -lm

       (That's all one line.)  On my DEC Alpha running old 5.003_05, the
       incantation is a bit different:

           % cc -O2 -Olimit 2900 -I/usr/local/include
           -I/usr/local/lib/perl5/alpha-dec_osf/5.00305/CORE
           -L/usr/local/lib/perl5/alpha-dec_osf/5.00305/CORE -L/usr/local/lib
           -D__LANGUAGE_C__ -D_NO_PROTO -o interp interp.c -lperl -lm

       How can you figure out what to add?  Assuming your Perl is post-5.001,
       execute a "perl -V" command and pay special attention to the "cc" and
       "ccflags" information.

       You'll have to choose the appropriate compiler (cc, gcc, et al.) for
       your machine: "perl -MConfig -e 'print $Config{cc}'" will tell you what
       to use.

       You'll also have to choose the appropriate library directory
       (/usr/local/lib/...) for your machine.  If your compiler complains that
       certain functions are undefined, or that it can't locate -lperl, then
       you need to change the path following the "-L".  If it complains that
       it can't find EXTERN.h and perl.h, you need to change the path
       following the "-I".

       You may have to add extra libraries as well.  Which ones?  Perhaps
       those printed by

          perl -MConfig -e 'print $Config{libs}'

       Provided your perl binary was properly configured and installed the
       ExtUtils::Embed module will determine all of this information for you:

          % cc -o interp interp.c `perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e ccopts -e ldopts`

       If the ExtUtils::Embed module isn't part of your Perl distribution, you
       can retrieve it from
       <http://www.perl.com/perl/CPAN/modules/by-module/ExtUtils/> (If this
       documentation came from your Perl distribution, then you're running
       5.004 or better and you already have it.)

       The ExtUtils::Embed kit on CPAN also contains all source code for the
       examples in this document, tests, additional examples and other
       information you may find useful.

   Adding a Perl interpreter to your C program
       In a sense, perl (the C program) is a good example of embedding Perl
       (the language), so I'll demonstrate embedding with miniperlmain.c,
       included in the source distribution.  Here's a bastardized, non-
       portable version of miniperlmain.c containing the essentials of
       embedding:

        #include <EXTERN.h>               /* from the Perl distribution     */
        #include <perl.h>                 /* from the Perl distribution     */

        static PerlInterpreter *my_perl;  /***    The Perl interpreter    ***/

        int main(int argc, char **argv, char **env)
        {
               PERL_SYS_INIT3(&argc,&argv,&env);
               my_perl = perl_alloc();
               perl_construct(my_perl);
               PL_exit_flags |= PERL_EXIT_DESTRUCT_END;
               perl_parse(my_perl, NULL, argc, argv, (char **)NULL);
               perl_run(my_perl);
               perl_destruct(my_perl);
               perl_free(my_perl);
               PERL_SYS_TERM();
               exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
        }

       Notice that we don't use the "env" pointer.  Normally handed to
       "perl_parse" as its final argument, "env" here is replaced by "NULL",
       which means that the current environment will be used.

       The macros PERL_SYS_INIT3() and PERL_SYS_TERM() provide system-specific
       tune up of the C runtime environment necessary to run Perl
       interpreters; they should only be called once regardless of how many
       interpreters you create or destroy. Call PERL_SYS_INIT3() before you
       create your first interpreter, and PERL_SYS_TERM() after you free your
       last interpreter.

       Since PERL_SYS_INIT3() may change "env", it may be more appropriate to
       provide "env" as an argument to perl_parse().

       Also notice that no matter what arguments you pass to perl_parse(),
       PERL_SYS_INIT3() must be invoked on the C main() argc, argv and env and
       only once.

       Mind that argv[argc] must be NULL, same as those passed to a main
       function in C.

       Now compile this program (I'll call it interp.c) into an executable:

           % cc -o interp interp.c `perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e ccopts -e ldopts`

       After a successful compilation, you'll be able to use interp just like
       perl itself:

           % interp
           print "Pretty Good Perl \n";
           print "10890 - 9801 is ", 10890 - 9801;
           <CTRL-D>
           Pretty Good Perl
           10890 - 9801 is 1089

       or

           % interp -e 'printf("%x", 3735928559)'
           deadbeef

       You can also read and execute Perl statements from a file while in the
       midst of your C program, by placing the filename in argv[1] before
       calling perl_run.

   Calling a Perl subroutine from your C program
       To call individual Perl subroutines, you can use any of the call_*
       functions documented in perlcall.  In this example we'll use
       "call_argv".

       That's shown below, in a program I'll call showtime.c.

           #include <EXTERN.h>
           #include <perl.h>

           static PerlInterpreter *my_perl;

           int main(int argc, char **argv, char **env)
           {
               char *args[] = { NULL };
               PERL_SYS_INIT3(&argc,&argv,&env);
               my_perl = perl_alloc();
               perl_construct(my_perl);

               perl_parse(my_perl, NULL, argc, argv, NULL);
               PL_exit_flags |= PERL_EXIT_DESTRUCT_END;

               /*** skipping perl_run() ***/

               call_argv("showtime", G_DISCARD | G_NOARGS, args);

               perl_destruct(my_perl);
               perl_free(my_perl);
               PERL_SYS_TERM();
               exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
           }

       where showtime is a Perl subroutine that takes no arguments (that's the
       G_NOARGS) and for which I'll ignore the return value (that's the
       G_DISCARD).  Those flags, and others, are discussed in perlcall.

       I'll define the showtime subroutine in a file called showtime.pl:

        print "I shan't be printed.";

        sub showtime {
            print time;
        }

       Simple enough. Now compile and run:

        % cc -o showtime showtime.c \
            `perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e ccopts -e ldopts`
        % showtime showtime.pl
        818284590

       yielding the number of seconds that elapsed between January 1, 1970
       (the beginning of the Unix epoch), and the moment I began writing this
       sentence.

       In this particular case we don't have to call perl_run, as we set the
       PL_exit_flag PERL_EXIT_DESTRUCT_END which executes END blocks in
       perl_destruct.

       If you want to pass arguments to the Perl subroutine, you can add
       strings to the "NULL"-terminated "args" list passed to call_argv.  For
       other data types, or to examine return values, you'll need to
       manipulate the Perl stack.  That's demonstrated in "Fiddling with the
       Perl stack from your C program".

   Evaluating a Perl statement from your C program
       Perl provides two API functions to evaluate pieces of Perl code.  These
       are "eval_sv" in perlapi and "eval_pv" in perlapi.

       Arguably, these are the only routines you'll ever need to execute
       snippets of Perl code from within your C program.  Your code can be as
       long as you wish; it can contain multiple statements; it can employ
       "use" in perlfunc, "require" in perlfunc, and "do" in perlfunc to
       include external Perl files.

       eval_pv lets us evaluate individual Perl strings, and then extract
       variables for coercion into C types.  The following program, string.c,
       executes three Perl strings, extracting an "int" from the first, a
       "float" from the second, and a "char *" from the third.

        #include <EXTERN.h>
        #include <perl.h>

        static PerlInterpreter *my_perl;

        main (int argc, char **argv, char **env)
        {
            char *embedding[] = { "", "-e", "0", NULL };

            PERL_SYS_INIT3(&argc,&argv,&env);
            my_perl = perl_alloc();
            perl_construct( my_perl );

            perl_parse(my_perl, NULL, 3, embedding, NULL);
            PL_exit_flags |= PERL_EXIT_DESTRUCT_END;
            perl_run(my_perl);

            /** Treat $a as an integer **/
            eval_pv("$a = 3; $a **= 2", TRUE);
            printf("a = %d\n", SvIV(get_sv("a", 0)));

            /** Treat $a as a float **/
            eval_pv("$a = 3.14; $a **= 2", TRUE);
            printf("a = %f\n", SvNV(get_sv("a", 0)));

            /** Treat $a as a string **/
            eval_pv(
              "$a = 'rekcaH lreP rehtonA tsuJ'; $a = reverse($a);", TRUE);
            printf("a = %s\n", SvPV_nolen(get_sv("a", 0)));

            perl_destruct(my_perl);
            perl_free(my_perl);
            PERL_SYS_TERM();
        }

       All of those strange functions with sv in their names help convert Perl
       scalars to C types.  They're described in perlguts and perlapi.

       If you compile and run string.c, you'll see the results of using SvIV()
       to create an "int", SvNV() to create a "float", and SvPV() to create a
       string:

          a = 9
          a = 9.859600
          a = Just Another Perl Hacker

       In the example above, we've created a global variable to temporarily
       store the computed value of our eval'ed expression.  It is also
       possible and in most cases a better strategy to fetch the return value
       from eval_pv() instead.  Example:

          ...
          SV *val = eval_pv("reverse 'rekcaH lreP rehtonA tsuJ'", TRUE);
          printf("%s\n", SvPV_nolen(val));
          ...

       This way, we avoid namespace pollution by not creating global variables
       and we've simplified our code as well.

   Performing Perl pattern matches and substitutions from your C program
       The eval_sv() function lets us evaluate strings of Perl code, so we can
       define some functions that use it to "specialize" in matches and
       substitutions: match(), substitute(), and matches().

          I32 match(SV *string, char *pattern);

       Given a string and a pattern (e.g., "m/clasp/" or "/\b\w*\b/", which in
       your C program might appear as "/\\b\\w*\\b/"), match() returns 1 if
       the string matches the pattern and 0 otherwise.

          int substitute(SV **string, char *pattern);

       Given a pointer to an "SV" and an "=~" operation (e.g.,
       "s/bob/robert/g" or "tr[A-Z][a-z]"), substitute() modifies the string
       within the "SV" as according to the operation, returning the number of
       substitutions made.

          SSize_t matches(SV *string, char *pattern, AV **matches);

       Given an "SV", a pattern, and a pointer to an empty "AV", matches()
       evaluates "$string =~ $pattern" in a list context, and fills in matches
       with the array elements, returning the number of matches found.

       Here's a sample program, match.c, that uses all three (long lines have
       been wrapped here):

        #include <EXTERN.h>
        #include <perl.h>

        static PerlInterpreter *my_perl;

        /** my_eval_sv(code, error_check)
        ** kinda like eval_sv(),
        ** but we pop the return value off the stack
        **/
        SV* my_eval_sv(SV *sv, I32 croak_on_error)
        {
            dSP;
            SV* retval;

            PUSHMARK(SP);
            eval_sv(sv, G_SCALAR);

            SPAGAIN;
            retval = POPs;
            PUTBACK;

            if (croak_on_error && SvTRUE(ERRSV))
               croak_sv(ERRSV);

            return retval;
        }

        /** match(string, pattern)
        **
        ** Used for matches in a scalar context.
        **
        ** Returns 1 if the match was successful; 0 otherwise.
        **/

        I32 match(SV *string, char *pattern)
        {
            SV *command = newSV(0), *retval;

            sv_setpvf(command, "my $string = '%s'; $string =~ %s",
                     SvPV_nolen(string), pattern);

            retval = my_eval_sv(command, TRUE);
            SvREFCNT_dec(command);

            return SvIV(retval);
        }

        /** substitute(string, pattern)
        **
        ** Used for =~ operations that
        ** modify their left-hand side (s/// and tr///)
        **
        ** Returns the number of successful matches, and
        ** modifies the input string if there were any.
        **/

        I32 substitute(SV **string, char *pattern)
        {
            SV *command = newSV(0), *retval;

            sv_setpvf(command, "$string = '%s'; ($string =~ %s)",
                     SvPV_nolen(*string), pattern);

            retval = my_eval_sv(command, TRUE);
            SvREFCNT_dec(command);

            *string = get_sv("string", 0);
            return SvIV(retval);
        }

        /** matches(string, pattern, matches)
        **
        ** Used for matches in a list context.
        **
        ** Returns the number of matches,
        ** and fills in **matches with the matching substrings
        **/

        SSize_t matches(SV *string, char *pattern, AV **match_list)
        {
            SV *command = newSV(0);
            SSize_t num_matches;

            sv_setpvf(command, "my $string = '%s'; @array = ($string =~ %s)",
                     SvPV_nolen(string), pattern);

            my_eval_sv(command, TRUE);
            SvREFCNT_dec(command);

            *match_list = get_av("array", 0);
            num_matches = av_top_index(*match_list) + 1;

            return num_matches;
        }

        main (int argc, char **argv, char **env)
        {
            char *embedding[] = { "", "-e", "0", NULL };
            AV *match_list;
            I32 num_matches, i;
            SV *text;

            PERL_SYS_INIT3(&argc,&argv,&env);
            my_perl = perl_alloc();
            perl_construct(my_perl);
            perl_parse(my_perl, NULL, 3, embedding, NULL);
            PL_exit_flags |= PERL_EXIT_DESTRUCT_END;

            text = newSV(0);
            sv_setpv(text, "When he is at a convenience store and the "
               "bill comes to some amount like 76 cents, Maynard is "
               "aware that there is something he *should* do, something "
               "that will enable him to get back a quarter, but he has "
               "no idea *what*.  He fumbles through his red squeezey "
               "changepurse and gives the boy three extra pennies with "
               "his dollar, hoping that he might luck into the correct "
               "amount.  The boy gives him back two of his own pennies "
               "and then the big shiny quarter that is his prize. "
               "-RICHH");

            if (match(text, "m/quarter/")) /** Does text contain 'quarter'? **/
               printf("match: Text contains the word 'quarter'.\n\n");
            else
               printf("match: Text doesn't contain the word 'quarter'.\n\n");

            if (match(text, "m/eighth/")) /** Does text contain 'eighth'? **/
               printf("match: Text contains the word 'eighth'.\n\n");
            else
               printf("match: Text doesn't contain the word 'eighth'.\n\n");

            /** Match all occurrences of /wi../ **/
            num_matches = matches(text, "m/(wi..)/g", &match_list);
            printf("matches: m/(wi..)/g found %d matches...\n", num_matches);

            for (i = 0; i < num_matches; i++)
                printf("match: %s\n",
                         SvPV_nolen(*av_fetch(match_list, i, FALSE)));
            printf("\n");

            /** Remove all vowels from text **/
            num_matches = substitute(&text, "s/[aeiou]//gi");
            if (num_matches) {
               printf("substitute: s/[aeiou]//gi...%lu substitutions made.\n",
                      (unsigned long)num_matches);
               printf("Now text is: %s\n\n", SvPV_nolen(text));
            }

            /** Attempt a substitution **/
            if (!substitute(&text, "s/Perl/C/")) {
               printf("substitute: s/Perl/C...No substitution made.\n\n");
            }

            SvREFCNT_dec(text);
            PL_perl_destruct_level = 1;
            perl_destruct(my_perl);
            perl_free(my_perl);
            PERL_SYS_TERM();
        }

       which produces the output (again, long lines have been wrapped here)

         match: Text contains the word 'quarter'.

         match: Text doesn't contain the word 'eighth'.

         matches: m/(wi..)/g found 2 matches...
         match: will
         match: with

         substitute: s/[aeiou]//gi...139 substitutions made.
         Now text is: Whn h s t  cnvnnc str nd th bll cms t sm mnt lk 76 cnts,
         Mynrd s wr tht thr s smthng h *shld* d, smthng tht wll nbl hm t gt
         bck qrtr, bt h hs n d *wht*.  H fmbls thrgh hs rd sqzy chngprs nd
         gvs th by thr xtr pnns wth hs dllr, hpng tht h mght lck nt th crrct
         mnt.  Th by gvs hm bck tw f hs wn pnns nd thn th bg shny qrtr tht s
         hs prz. -RCHH

         substitute: s/Perl/C...No substitution made.

   Fiddling with the Perl stack from your C program
       When trying to explain stacks, most computer science textbooks mumble
       something about spring-loaded columns of cafeteria plates: the last
       thing you pushed on the stack is the first thing you pop off.  That'll
       do for our purposes: your C program will push some arguments onto "the
       Perl stack", shut its eyes while some magic happens, and then pop the
       results--the return value of your Perl subroutine--off the stack.

       First you'll need to know how to convert between C types and Perl
       types, with newSViv() and sv_setnv() and newAV() and all their friends.
       They're described in perlguts and perlapi.

       Then you'll need to know how to manipulate the Perl stack.  That's
       described in perlcall.

       Once you've understood those, embedding Perl in C is easy.

       Because C has no builtin function for integer exponentiation, let's
       make Perl's ** operator available to it (this is less useful than it
       sounds, because Perl implements ** with C's pow() function).  First
       I'll create a stub exponentiation function in power.pl:

           sub expo {
               my ($a, $b) = @_;
               return $a ** $b;
           }

       Now I'll create a C program, power.c, with a function PerlPower() that
       contains all the perlguts necessary to push the two arguments into
       expo() and to pop the return value out.  Take a deep breath...

        #include <EXTERN.h>
        #include <perl.h>

        static PerlInterpreter *my_perl;

        static void
        PerlPower(int a, int b)
        {
          dSP;                            /* initialize stack pointer      */
          ENTER;                          /* everything created after here */
          SAVETMPS;                       /* ...is a temporary variable.   */
          PUSHMARK(SP);                   /* remember the stack pointer    */
          XPUSHs(sv_2mortal(newSViv(a))); /* push the base onto the stack  */
          XPUSHs(sv_2mortal(newSViv(b))); /* push the exponent onto stack  */
          PUTBACK;                      /* make local stack pointer global */
          call_pv("expo", G_SCALAR);      /* call the function             */
          SPAGAIN;                        /* refresh stack pointer         */
                                        /* pop the return value from stack */
          printf ("%d to the %dth power is %d.\n", a, b, POPi);
          PUTBACK;
          FREETMPS;                       /* free that return value        */
          LEAVE;                       /* ...and the XPUSHed "mortal" args.*/
        }

        int main (int argc, char **argv, char **env)
        {
          char *my_argv[] = { "", "power.pl", NULL };

          PERL_SYS_INIT3(&argc,&argv,&env);
          my_perl = perl_alloc();
          perl_construct( my_perl );

          perl_parse(my_perl, NULL, 2, my_argv, (char **)NULL);
          PL_exit_flags |= PERL_EXIT_DESTRUCT_END;
          perl_run(my_perl);

          PerlPower(3, 4);                      /*** Compute 3 ** 4 ***/

          perl_destruct(my_perl);
          perl_free(my_perl);
          PERL_SYS_TERM();
          exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
        }

       Compile and run:

           % cc -o power power.c `perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e ccopts -e ldopts`

           % power
           3 to the 4th power is 81.

   Maintaining a persistent interpreter
       When developing interactive and/or potentially long-running
       applications, it's a good idea to maintain a persistent interpreter
       rather than allocating and constructing a new interpreter multiple
       times.  The major reason is speed: since Perl will only be loaded into
       memory once.

       However, you have to be more cautious with namespace and variable
       scoping when using a persistent interpreter.  In previous examples
       we've been using global variables in the default package "main".  We
       knew exactly what code would be run, and assumed we could avoid
       variable collisions and outrageous symbol table growth.

       Let's say your application is a server that will occasionally run Perl
       code from some arbitrary file.  Your server has no way of knowing what
       code it's going to run.  Very dangerous.

       If the file is pulled in by "perl_parse()", compiled into a newly
       constructed interpreter, and subsequently cleaned out with
       "perl_destruct()" afterwards, you're shielded from most namespace
       troubles.

       One way to avoid namespace collisions in this scenario is to translate
       the filename into a guaranteed-unique package name, and then compile
       the code into that package using "eval" in perlfunc.  In the example
       below, each file will only be compiled once.  Or, the application might
       choose to clean out the symbol table associated with the file after
       it's no longer needed.  Using "call_argv" in perlapi, We'll call the
       subroutine "Embed::Persistent::eval_file" which lives in the file
       "persistent.pl" and pass the filename and boolean cleanup/cache flag as
       arguments.

       Note that the process will continue to grow for each file that it uses.
       In addition, there might be "AUTOLOAD"ed subroutines and other
       conditions that cause Perl's symbol table to grow.  You might want to
       add some logic that keeps track of the process size, or restarts itself
       after a certain number of requests, to ensure that memory consumption
       is minimized.  You'll also want to scope your variables with "my" in
       perlfunc whenever possible.

        package Embed::Persistent;
        #persistent.pl

        use strict;
        our %Cache;
        use Symbol qw(delete_package);

        sub valid_package_name {
            my($string) = @_;
            $string =~ s/([^A-Za-z0-9\/])/sprintf("_%2x",unpack("C",$1))/eg;
            # second pass only for words starting with a digit
            $string =~ s|/(\d)|sprintf("/_%2x",unpack("C",$1))|eg;

            # Dress it up as a real package name
            $string =~ s|/|::|g;
            return "Embed" . $string;
        }

        sub eval_file {
            my($filename, $delete) = @_;
            my $package = valid_package_name($filename);
            my $mtime = -M $filename;
            if(defined $Cache{$package}{mtime}
               &&
               $Cache{$package}{mtime} <= $mtime)
            {
               # we have compiled this subroutine already,
               # it has not been updated on disk, nothing left to do
               print STDERR "already compiled $package->handler\n";
            }
            else {
               local *FH;
               open FH, $filename or die "open '$filename' $!";
               local($/) = undef;
               my $sub = <FH>;
               close FH;

               #wrap the code into a subroutine inside our unique package
               my $eval = qq{package $package; sub handler { $sub; }};
               {
                   # hide our variables within this block
                   my($filename,$mtime,$package,$sub);
                   eval $eval;
               }
               die $@ if $@;

               #cache it unless we're cleaning out each time
               $Cache{$package}{mtime} = $mtime unless $delete;
            }

            eval {$package->handler;};
            die $@ if $@;

            delete_package($package) if $delete;

            #take a look if you want
            #print Devel::Symdump->rnew($package)->as_string, $/;
        }

        1;

        __END__

        /* persistent.c */
        #include <EXTERN.h>
        #include <perl.h>

        /* 1 = clean out filename's symbol table after each request,
           0 = don't
        */
        #ifndef DO_CLEAN
        #define DO_CLEAN 0
        #endif

        #define BUFFER_SIZE 1024

        static PerlInterpreter *my_perl = NULL;

        int
        main(int argc, char **argv, char **env)
        {
            char *embedding[] = { "", "persistent.pl", NULL };
            char *args[] = { "", DO_CLEAN, NULL };
            char filename[BUFFER_SIZE];
            int failing, exitstatus;

            PERL_SYS_INIT3(&argc,&argv,&env);
            if((my_perl = perl_alloc()) == NULL) {
               fprintf(stderr, "no memory!");
               exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
            }
            perl_construct(my_perl);

            PL_origalen = 1; /* don't let $0 assignment update the
                                proctitle or embedding[0] */
            failing = perl_parse(my_perl, NULL, 2, embedding, NULL);
            PL_exit_flags |= PERL_EXIT_DESTRUCT_END;
            if(!failing)
               failing = perl_run(my_perl);
            if(!failing) {
               while(printf("Enter file name: ") &&
                     fgets(filename, BUFFER_SIZE, stdin)) {

                   filename[strlen(filename)-1] = '\0'; /* strip \n */
                   /* call the subroutine,
                            passing it the filename as an argument */
                   args[0] = filename;
                   call_argv("Embed::Persistent::eval_file",
                                  G_DISCARD | G_EVAL, args);

                   /* check $@ */
                   if(SvTRUE(ERRSV))
                       fprintf(stderr, "eval error: %s\n", SvPV_nolen(ERRSV));
               }
            }

            PL_perl_destruct_level = 0;
            exitstatus = perl_destruct(my_perl);
            perl_free(my_perl);
            PERL_SYS_TERM();
            exit(exitstatus);
        }

       Now compile:

        % cc -o persistent persistent.c \
               `perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e ccopts -e ldopts`

       Here's an example script file:

        #test.pl
        my $string = "hello";
        foo($string);

        sub foo {
            print "foo says: @_\n";
        }

       Now run:

        % persistent
        Enter file name: test.pl
        foo says: hello
        Enter file name: test.pl
        already compiled Embed::test_2epl->handler
        foo says: hello
        Enter file name: ^C

   Execution of END blocks
       Traditionally END blocks have been executed at the end of the perl_run.
       This causes problems for applications that never call perl_run. Since
       perl 5.7.2 you can specify "PL_exit_flags |= PERL_EXIT_DESTRUCT_END" to
       get the new behaviour. This also enables the running of END blocks if
       the perl_parse fails and "perl_destruct" will return the exit value.

   $0 assignments
       When a perl script assigns a value to $0 then the perl runtime will try
       to make this value show up as the program name reported by "ps" by
       updating the memory pointed to by the argv passed to perl_parse() and
       also calling API functions like setproctitle() where available.  This
       behaviour might not be appropriate when embedding perl and can be
       disabled by assigning the value 1 to the variable "PL_origalen" before
       perl_parse() is called.

       The persistent.c example above is for instance likely to segfault when
       $0 is assigned to if the "PL_origalen = 1;" assignment is removed.
       This because perl will try to write to the read only memory of the
       "embedding[]" strings.

   Maintaining multiple interpreter instances
       Some rare applications will need to create more than one interpreter
       during a session.  Such an application might sporadically decide to
       release any resources associated with the interpreter.

       The program must take care to ensure that this takes place before the
       next interpreter is constructed.  By default, when perl is not built
       with any special options, the global variable "PL_perl_destruct_level"
       is set to 0, since extra cleaning isn't usually needed when a program
       only ever creates a single interpreter in its entire lifetime.

       Setting "PL_perl_destruct_level" to 1 makes everything squeaky clean:

        while(1) {
            ...
            /* reset global variables here with PL_perl_destruct_level = 1 */
            PL_perl_destruct_level = 1;
            perl_construct(my_perl);
            ...
            /* clean and reset _everything_ during perl_destruct */
            PL_perl_destruct_level = 1;
            perl_destruct(my_perl);
            perl_free(my_perl);
            ...
            /* let's go do it again! */
        }

       When perl_destruct() is called, the interpreter's syntax parse tree and
       symbol tables are cleaned up, and global variables are reset.  The
       second assignment to "PL_perl_destruct_level" is needed because
       perl_construct resets it to 0.

       Now suppose we have more than one interpreter instance running at the
       same time.  This is feasible, but only if you used the Configure option
       "-Dusemultiplicity" or the options "-Dusethreads -Duseithreads" when
       building perl.  By default, enabling one of these Configure options
       sets the per-interpreter global variable "PL_perl_destruct_level" to 1,
       so that thorough cleaning is automatic and interpreter variables are
       initialized correctly.  Even if you don't intend to run two or more
       interpreters at the same time, but to run them sequentially, like in
       the above example, it is recommended to build perl with the
       "-Dusemultiplicity" option otherwise some interpreter variables may not
       be initialized correctly between consecutive runs and your application
       may crash.

       See also "Thread-aware system interfaces" in perlxs.

       Using "-Dusethreads -Duseithreads" rather than "-Dusemultiplicity" is
       more appropriate if you intend to run multiple interpreters
       concurrently in different threads, because it enables support for
       linking in the thread libraries of your system with the interpreter.

       Let's give it a try:

        #include <EXTERN.h>
        #include <perl.h>

        /* we're going to embed two interpreters */

        #define SAY_HELLO "-e", "print qq(Hi, I'm $^X\n)"

        int main(int argc, char **argv, char **env)
        {
            PerlInterpreter *one_perl, *two_perl;
            char *one_args[] = { "one_perl", SAY_HELLO, NULL };
            char *two_args[] = { "two_perl", SAY_HELLO, NULL };

            PERL_SYS_INIT3(&argc,&argv,&env);
            one_perl = perl_alloc();
            two_perl = perl_alloc();

            PERL_SET_CONTEXT(one_perl);
            perl_construct(one_perl);
            PERL_SET_CONTEXT(two_perl);
            perl_construct(two_perl);

            PERL_SET_CONTEXT(one_perl);
            perl_parse(one_perl, NULL, 3, one_args, (char **)NULL);
            PERL_SET_CONTEXT(two_perl);
            perl_parse(two_perl, NULL, 3, two_args, (char **)NULL);

            PERL_SET_CONTEXT(one_perl);
            perl_run(one_perl);
            PERL_SET_CONTEXT(two_perl);
            perl_run(two_perl);

            PERL_SET_CONTEXT(one_perl);
            perl_destruct(one_perl);
            PERL_SET_CONTEXT(two_perl);
            perl_destruct(two_perl);

            PERL_SET_CONTEXT(one_perl);
            perl_free(one_perl);
            PERL_SET_CONTEXT(two_perl);
            perl_free(two_perl);
            PERL_SYS_TERM();
            exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
        }

       Note the calls to PERL_SET_CONTEXT().  These are necessary to
       initialize the global state that tracks which interpreter is the
       "current" one on the particular process or thread that may be running
       it.  It should always be used if you have more than one interpreter and
       are making perl API calls on both interpreters in an interleaved
       fashion.

       PERL_SET_CONTEXT(interp) should also be called whenever "interp" is
       used by a thread that did not create it (using either perl_alloc(), or
       the more esoteric perl_clone()).

       Compile as usual:

        % cc -o multiplicity multiplicity.c \
         `perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e ccopts -e ldopts`

       Run it, Run it:

        % multiplicity
        Hi, I'm one_perl
        Hi, I'm two_perl

   Using Perl modules, which themselves use C libraries, from your C program
       If you've played with the examples above and tried to embed a script
       that use()s a Perl module (such as Socket) which itself uses a C or C++
       library, this probably happened:

        Can't load module Socket, dynamic loading not available in this perl.
         (You may need to build a new perl executable which either supports
         dynamic loading or has the Socket module statically linked into it.)

       What's wrong?

       Your interpreter doesn't know how to communicate with these extensions
       on its own.  A little glue will help.  Up until now you've been calling
       perl_parse(), handing it NULL for the second argument:

        perl_parse(my_perl, NULL, argc, my_argv, NULL);

       That's where the glue code can be inserted to create the initial
       contact between Perl and linked C/C++ routines. Let's take a look some
       pieces of perlmain.c to see how Perl does this:

        static void xs_init (pTHX);

        EXTERN_C void boot_DynaLoader (pTHX_ CV* cv);
        EXTERN_C void boot_Socket (pTHX_ CV* cv);

        EXTERN_C void
        xs_init(pTHX)
        {
               char *file = __FILE__;
               /* DynaLoader is a special case */
               newXS("DynaLoader::boot_DynaLoader", boot_DynaLoader, file);
               newXS("Socket::bootstrap", boot_Socket, file);
        }

       Simply put: for each extension linked with your Perl executable
       (determined during its initial configuration on your computer or when
       adding a new extension), a Perl subroutine is created to incorporate
       the extension's routines.  Normally, that subroutine is named
       Module::bootstrap() and is invoked when you say use Module.  In turn,
       this hooks into an XSUB, boot_Module, which creates a Perl counterpart
       for each of the extension's XSUBs.  Don't worry about this part; leave
       that to the xsubpp and extension authors.  If your extension is
       dynamically loaded, DynaLoader creates Module::bootstrap() for you on
       the fly.  In fact, if you have a working DynaLoader then there is
       rarely any need to link in any other extensions statically.

       Once you have this code, slap it into the second argument of
       perl_parse():

        perl_parse(my_perl, xs_init, argc, my_argv, NULL);

       Then compile:

        % cc -o interp interp.c `perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e ccopts -e ldopts`

        % interp
          use Socket;
          use SomeDynamicallyLoadedModule;

          print "Now I can use extensions!\n"'

       ExtUtils::Embed can also automate writing the xs_init glue code.

        % perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e xsinit -- -o perlxsi.c
        % cc -c perlxsi.c `perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e ccopts`
        % cc -c interp.c  `perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e ccopts`
        % cc -o interp perlxsi.o interp.o `perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e ldopts`

       Consult perlxs, perlguts, and perlapi for more details.

   Using embedded Perl with POSIX locales
       (See perllocale for information about these.)  When a Perl interpreter
       normally starts up, it tells the system it wants to use the system's
       default locale.  This is often, but not necessarily, the "C" or "POSIX"
       locale.  Absent a "uselocale" within the perl code, this mostly has no
       effect (but see "Not within the scope of "use locale"" in perllocale).
       Also, there is not a problem if the locale you want to use in your
       embedded perl is the same as the system default.  However, this doesn't
       work if you have set up and want to use a locale that isn't the system
       default one.  Starting in Perl v5.20, you can tell the embedded Perl
       interpreter that the locale is already properly set up, and to skip
       doing its own normal initialization.  It skips if the environment
       variable "PERL_SKIP_LOCALE_INIT" is set (even if set to 0 or "").  A
       perl that has this capability will define the C pre-processor symbol
       "HAS_SKIP_LOCALE_INIT".  This allows code that has to work with
       multiple Perl versions to do some sort of work-around when confronted
       with an earlier Perl.

       If your program is using the POSIX 2008 multi-thread locale
       functionality, you should switch into the global locale and set that up
       properly before starting the Perl interpreter.  It will then properly
       switch back to using the thread-safe functions.

Hiding Perl_
       If you completely hide the short forms of the Perl public API, add
       -DPERL_NO_SHORT_NAMES to the compilation flags.  This means that for
       example instead of writing

           warn("%d bottles of beer on the wall", bottlecount);

       you will have to write the explicit full form

           Perl_warn(aTHX_ "%d bottles of beer on the wall", bottlecount);

       (See "Background and PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT" in perlguts for the
       explanation of the "aTHX_". )  Hiding the short forms is very useful
       for avoiding all sorts of nasty (C preprocessor or otherwise) conflicts
       with other software packages (Perl defines about 2400 APIs with these
       short names, take or leave few hundred, so there certainly is room for
       conflict.)

MORAL
       You can sometimes write faster code in C, but you can always write code
       faster in Perl.  Because you can use each from the other, combine them
       as you wish.

AUTHOR
       Jon Orwant <orwant@media.mit.edu> and Doug MacEachern
       <dougm@covalent.net>, with small contributions from Tim Bunce, Tom
       Christiansen, Guy Decoux, Hallvard Furuseth, Dov Grobgeld, and Ilya
       Zakharevich.

       Doug MacEachern has an article on embedding in Volume 1, Issue 4 of The
       Perl Journal ( <http://www.tpj.com/> ).  Doug is also the developer of
       the most widely-used Perl embedding: the mod_perl system
       (perl.apache.org), which embeds Perl in the Apache web server.  Oracle,
       Binary Evolution, ActiveState, and Ben Sugars's nsapi_perl have used
       this model for Oracle, Netscape and Internet Information Server Perl
       plugins.

COPYRIGHT
       Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998 Doug MacEachern and Jon Orwant.
       All Rights Reserved.

       This document may be distributed under the same terms as Perl itself.

perl v5.30.3                      2020-06-07                      PERLEMBED(1)

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