btree(3)



BTREE(3)                   Linux Programmer's Manual                  BTREE(3)

NAME
       btree - btree database access method

SYNOPSIS
       #include <sys/types.h>
       #include <db.h>

DESCRIPTION
       Note  well:  This  page documents interfaces provided in glibc up until
       version 2.1.  Since version 2.2, glibc no longer provides these  inter-
       faces.   Probably,  you  are looking for the APIs provided by the libdb
       library instead.

       The routine dbopen(3) is the library interface to database files.   One
       of  the supported file formats is btree files.  The general description
       of the database access methods is in dbopen(3), this  manual  page  de-
       scribes only the btree-specific information.

       The  btree  data structure is a sorted, balanced tree structure storing
       associated key/data pairs.

       The btree access-method-specific data structure provided  to  dbopen(3)
       is defined in the <db.h> include file as follows:

           typedef struct {
               unsigned long flags;
               unsigned int  cachesize;
               int           maxkeypage;
               int           minkeypage;
               unsigned int  psize;
               int         (*compare)(const DBT *key1, const DBT *key2);
               size_t      (*prefix)(const DBT *key1, const DBT *key2);
               int           lorder;
           } BTREEINFO;

       The elements of this structure are as follows:

       flags  The  flag  value is specified by ORing any of the following val-
              ues:

              R_DUP  Permit duplicate keys in the tree, that is, permit inser-
                     tion  if  the  key  to  be inserted already exists in the
                     tree.  The default behavior, as described  in  dbopen(3),
                     is  to  overwrite a matching key when inserting a new key
                     or to fail if the R_NOOVERWRITE flag is  specified.   The
                     R_DUP  flag  is overridden by the R_NOOVERWRITE flag, and
                     if the R_NOOVERWRITE flag is specified, attempts  to  in-
                     sert duplicate keys into the tree will fail.

                     If the database contains duplicate keys, the order of re-
                     trieval of key/data pairs is undefined if the get routine
                     is  used,  however,  seq  routine calls with the R_CURSOR
                     flag set will always return the logical  "first"  of  any
                     group of duplicate keys.

       cachesize
              A  suggested  maximum size (in bytes) of the memory cache.  This
              value is only advisory, and the access method will allocate more
              memory  rather  than fail.  Since every search examines the root
              page of the tree, caching the most recently used pages  substan-
              tially  improves  access time.  In addition, physical writes are
              delayed as long as possible, so a moderate cache can reduce  the
              number  of  I/O  operations  significantly.   Obviously, using a
              cache increases (but only increases) the likelihood  of  corrup-
              tion  or  lost  data if the system crashes while a tree is being
              modified.  If cachesize is 0 (no size is specified),  a  default
              cache is used.

       maxkeypage
              The  maximum  number  of keys which will be stored on any single
              page.  Not currently implemented.

       minkeypage
              The minimum number of keys which will be stored  on  any  single
              page.  This value is used to determine which keys will be stored
              on overflow pages, that is, if a key or data item is longer than
              the  pagesize divided by the minkeypage value, it will be stored
              on overflow pages instead of in the page itself.  If  minkeypage
              is  0  (no minimum number of keys is specified), a value of 2 is
              used.

       psize  Page size is the size (in bytes) of the pages used for nodes  in
              the  tree.   The  minimum page size is 512 bytes and the maximum
              page size is 64 KiB.  If psize is 0 (no page size is specified),
              a  page  size  is  chosen based on the underlying filesystem I/O
              block size.

       compare
              Compare is the key comparison function.  It must return an inte-
              ger  less  than, equal to, or greater than zero if the first key
              argument is considered to be respectively less than,  equal  to,
              or  greater  than  the second key argument.  The same comparison
              function must be used on a given tree every time it  is  opened.
              If  compare  is  NULL (no comparison function is specified), the
              keys are compared lexically, with shorter keys  considered  less
              than longer keys.

       prefix Prefix  is  the  prefix comparison function.  If specified, this
              routine must return the number of bytes of the second key  argu-
              ment  which  are  necessary to determine that it is greater than
              the first key argument.  If the keys are equal, the  key  length
              should  be  returned.   Note,  the usefulness of this routine is
              very data-dependent, but, in some data sets can produce signifi-
              cantly  reduced  tree sizes and search times.  If prefix is NULL
              (no prefix function is specified), and no comparison function is
              specified,  a  default  lexical  comparison routine is used.  If
              prefix is NULL and a comparison routine is specified, no  prefix
              comparison is done.

       lorder The  byte  order  for  integers in the stored database metadata.
              The number should represent the order as an integer;  for  exam-
              ple, big endian order would be the number 4,321.  If lorder is 0
              (no order is specified), the current host order is used.

       If the file already exists (and the O_TRUNC flag is not specified), the
       values  specified for the arguments flags, lorder and psize are ignored
       in favor of the values used when the tree was created.

       Forward sequential scans of a tree are from the least key to the great-
       est.

       Space  freed  up  by deleting key/data pairs from the tree is never re-
       claimed, although it is normally made available for reuse.  This  means
       that  the btree storage structure is grow-only.  The only solutions are
       to avoid excessive deletions, or to create a  fresh  tree  periodically
       from a scan of an existing one.

       Searches,  insertions,  and deletions in a btree will all complete in O
       lg base N where base is the average fill factor.  Often, inserting  or-
       dered  data into btrees results in a low fill factor.  This implementa-
       tion has been modified to make ordered insertion the best case, result-
       ing in a much better than normal page fill factor.

ERRORS
       The  btree access method routines may fail and set errno for any of the
       errors specified for the library routine dbopen(3).

BUGS
       Only big and little endian byte order is supported.

SEE ALSO
       dbopen(3), hash(3), mpool(3), recno(3)

       The Ubiquitous B-tree, Douglas Comer, ACM Comput.  Surv.  11,  2  (June
       1979), 121-138.

       Prefix  B-trees, Bayer and Unterauer, ACM Transactions on Database Sys-
       tems, Vol. 2, 1 (March 1977), 11-26.

       The Art of Computer Programming Vol. 3:  Sorting  and  Searching,  D.E.
       Knuth, 1968, pp 471-480.

COLOPHON
       This  page  is  part of release 5.07 of the Linux man-pages project.  A
       description of the project, information about reporting bugs,  and  the
       latest     version     of     this    page,    can    be    found    at
       https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.

                                  2017-09-15                          BTREE(3)

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