cgroups(7)



CGROUPS(7)                 Linux Programmer's Manual                CGROUPS(7)

NAME
       cgroups - Linux control groups

DESCRIPTION
       Control groups, usually referred to as cgroups, are a Linux kernel fea-
       ture which allow processes to be  organized  into  hierarchical  groups
       whose usage of various types of resources can then be limited and moni-
       tored.  The kernel's cgroup interface is  provided  through  a  pseudo-
       filesystem called cgroupfs.  Grouping is implemented in the core cgroup
       kernel code, while resource tracking and limits are  implemented  in  a
       set of per-resource-type subsystems (memory, CPU, and so on).

   Terminology
       A cgroup is a collection of processes that are bound to a set of limits
       or parameters defined via the cgroup filesystem.

       A subsystem is a kernel component that modifies  the  behavior  of  the
       processes  in a cgroup.  Various subsystems have been implemented, mak-
       ing it possible to do things such as limiting the amount  of  CPU  time
       and memory available to a cgroup, accounting for the CPU time used by a
       cgroup, and freezing and resuming  execution  of  the  processes  in  a
       cgroup.   Subsystems  are  sometimes also known as resource controllers
       (or simply, controllers).

       The cgroups for a controller are arranged in a hierarchy.  This hierar-
       chy  is  defined  by  creating,  removing,  and renaming subdirectories
       within the cgroup filesystem.  At each  level  of  the  hierarchy,  at-
       tributes  (e.g.,  limits) can be defined.  The limits, control, and ac-
       counting provided by cgroups generally have effect throughout the  sub-
       hierarchy  underneath  the  cgroup  where  the  attributes are defined.
       Thus, for example, the limits placed on a cgroup at a higher  level  in
       the hierarchy cannot be exceeded by descendant cgroups.

   Cgroups version 1 and version 2
       The  initial release of the cgroups implementation was in Linux 2.6.24.
       Over time, various cgroup controllers have been added to allow the man-
       agement  of  various  types  of resources.  However, the development of
       these controllers was largely uncoordinated, with the result that  many
       inconsistencies  arose between controllers and management of the cgroup
       hierarchies became rather complex.   (A  longer  description  of  these
       problems   can   be   found   in  the  kernel  source  file  Documenta-
       tion/cgroup-v2.txt.)

       Because  of  the  problems  with  the  initial  cgroups  implementation
       (cgroups  version  1), starting in Linux 3.10, work began on a new, or-
       thogonal implementation to remedy these problems.  Initially marked ex-
       perimental,  and  hidden behind the -o __DEVEL__sane_behavior mount op-
       tion, the new version (cgroups version 2) was eventually made  official
       with  the  release  of Linux 4.5.  Differences between the two versions
       are described  in  the  text  below.   The  file  cgroup.sane_behavior,
       present in cgroups v1, is a relic of this mount option. The file always
       reports "0" and is only retained for backward compatibility.

       Although cgroups v2 is intended as a replacement for  cgroups  v1,  the
       older  system  continues to exist (and for compatibility reasons is un-
       likely to be removed).  Currently, cgroups v2 implements only a  subset
       of the controllers available in cgroups v1.  The two systems are imple-
       mented so that both v1 controllers and v2 controllers can be mounted on
       the  same  system.  Thus, for example, it is possible to use those con-
       trollers that are supported under version 2, while also using version 1
       controllers  where  version  2  does not yet support those controllers.
       The only restriction here is that a controller can't be  simultaneously
       employed  in  both a cgroups v1 hierarchy and in the cgroups v2 hierar-
       chy.

CGROUPS VERSION 1
       Under cgroups v1, each controller may be  mounted  against  a  separate
       cgroup  filesystem  that  provides its own hierarchical organization of
       the processes on the system.  It is also possible to  comount  multiple
       (or  even  all) cgroups v1 controllers against the same cgroup filesys-
       tem, meaning that the comounted controllers manage the same  hierarchi-
       cal organization of processes.

       For  each  mounted  hierarchy,  the  directory tree mirrors the control
       group hierarchy.  Each control group is  represented  by  a  directory,
       with  each  of  its child control cgroups represented as a child direc-
       tory.   For  instance,  /user/joe/1.session  represents  control  group
       1.session,  which  is a child of cgroup joe, which is a child of /user.
       Under each cgroup directory is a set of files  which  can  be  read  or
       written to, reflecting resource limits and a few general cgroup proper-
       ties.

   Tasks (threads) versus processes
       In cgroups v1, a distinction is drawn between processes and tasks.   In
       this  view,  a  process  can  consist  of multiple tasks (more commonly
       called threads, from a user-space perspective, and called such  in  the
       remainder of this man page).  In cgroups v1, it is possible to indepen-
       dently manipulate the cgroup memberships of the threads in a process.

       The cgroups v1 ability to split threads across different cgroups caused
       problems  in  some cases.  For example, it made no sense for the memory
       controller, since all of the threads of a process share  a  single  ad-
       dress  space.   Because of these problems, the ability to independently
       manipulate the cgroup memberships of the threads in a process  was  re-
       moved  in  the  initial cgroups v2 implementation, and subsequently re-
       stored in a more limited form (see the discussion of "thread mode"  be-
       low).

   Mounting v1 controllers
       The  use  of cgroups requires a kernel built with the CONFIG_CGROUP op-
       tion.  In addition, each of the v1 controllers has an  associated  con-
       figuration option that must be set in order to employ that controller.

       In  order  to  use a v1 controller, it must be mounted against a cgroup
       filesystem.  The usual place  for  such  mounts  is  under  a  tmpfs(5)
       filesystem  mounted  at  /sys/fs/cgroup.  Thus, one might mount the cpu
       controller as follows:

           mount -t cgroup -o cpu none /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu

       It is possible to comount multiple controllers against the same hierar-
       chy.   For  example, here the cpu and cpuacct controllers are comounted
       against a single hierarchy:

           mount -t cgroup -o cpu,cpuacct none /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu,cpuacct

       Comounting controllers has the effect that a process  is  in  the  same
       cgroup  for all of the comounted controllers.  Separately mounting con-
       trollers allows a process to be in  cgroup  /foo1  for  one  controller
       while being in /foo2/foo3 for another.

       It  is  possible to comount all v1 controllers against the same hierar-
       chy:

           mount -t cgroup -o all cgroup /sys/fs/cgroup

       (One can achieve the same result by omitting -o all, since  it  is  the
       default if no controllers are explicitly specified.)

       It is not possible to mount the same controller against multiple cgroup
       hierarchies.  For example, it is not possible to mount both the cpu and
       cpuacct  controllers  against  one hierarchy, and to mount the cpu con-
       troller alone against another hierarchy.  It is possible to create mul-
       tiple  mount points with exactly the same set of comounted controllers.
       However, in this case all that results is multiple mount points provid-
       ing a view of the same hierarchy.

       Note that on many systems, the v1 controllers are automatically mounted
       under /sys/fs/cgroup; in particular, systemd(1)  automatically  creates
       such mount points.

   Unmounting v1 controllers
       A  mounted  cgroup filesystem can be unmounted using the umount(8) com-
       mand, as in the following example:

           umount /sys/fs/cgroup/pids

       But note well: a cgroup filesystem is unmounted only if it is not busy,
       that  is,  it  has no child cgroups.  If this is not the case, then the
       only effect of the umount(8) is to make the mount invisible.  Thus,  to
       ensure  that  the  mount point is really removed, one must first remove
       all child cgroups, which in turn can be done only after all member pro-
       cesses have been moved from those cgroups to the root cgroup.

   Cgroups version 1 controllers
       Each  of the cgroups version 1 controllers is governed by a kernel con-
       figuration option (listed below).  Additionally,  the  availability  of
       the cgroups feature is governed by the CONFIG_CGROUPS kernel configura-
       tion option.

       cpu (since Linux 2.6.24; CONFIG_CGROUP_SCHED)
              Cgroups can be guaranteed a minimum number of "CPU shares"  when
              a  system  is busy.  This does not limit a cgroup's CPU usage if
              the CPUs are not busy.  For further information, see  Documenta-
              tion/scheduler/sched-design-CFS.txt.

              In Linux 3.2, this controller was extended to provide CPU "band-
              width"  control.   If  the  kernel  is  configured   with   CON-
              FIG_CFS_BANDWIDTH,  then  within each scheduling period (defined
              via a file in the cgroup directory), it is possible to define an
              upper  limit  on  the  CPU  time allocated to the processes in a
              cgroup.  This upper limit applies even if there is no other com-
              petition  for  the CPU.  Further information can be found in the
              kernel source file Documentation/scheduler/sched-bwc.txt.

       cpuacct (since Linux 2.6.24; CONFIG_CGROUP_CPUACCT)
              This provides accounting for CPU usage by groups of processes.

              Further information can be found in the kernel source file Docu-
              mentation/cgroup-v1/cpuacct.txt.

       cpuset (since Linux 2.6.24; CONFIG_CPUSETS)
              This  cgroup  can be used to bind the processes in a cgroup to a
              specified set of CPUs and NUMA nodes.

              Further information can be found in the kernel source file Docu-
              mentation/cgroup-v1/cpusets.txt.

       memory (since Linux 2.6.25; CONFIG_MEMCG)
              The memory controller supports reporting and limiting of process
              memory, kernel memory, and swap used by cgroups.

              Further information can be found in the kernel source file Docu-
              mentation/cgroup-v1/memory.txt.

       devices (since Linux 2.6.26; CONFIG_CGROUP_DEVICE)
              This supports controlling which processes may create (mknod) de-
              vices as well as open them for reading or writing.  The policies
              may  be  specified  as allow-lists and deny-lists.  Hierarchy is
              enforced, so new rules must not violate existing rules  for  the
              target or ancestor cgroups.

              Further information can be found in the kernel source file Docu-
              mentation/cgroup-v1/devices.txt.

       freezer (since Linux 2.6.28; CONFIG_CGROUP_FREEZER)
              The freezer cgroup can suspend and  restore  (resume)  all  pro-
              cesses  in a cgroup.  Freezing a cgroup /A also causes its chil-
              dren, for example, processes in /A/B, to be frozen.

              Further information can be found in the kernel source file Docu-
              mentation/cgroup-v1/freezer-subsystem.txt.

       net_cls (since Linux 2.6.29; CONFIG_CGROUP_NET_CLASSID)
              This  places  a  classid,  specified  for the cgroup, on network
              packets created by a cgroup.  These classids can then be used in
              firewall  rules,  as  well as used to shape traffic using tc(8).
              This applies only to packets leaving the cgroup, not to  traffic
              arriving at the cgroup.

              Further information can be found in the kernel source file Docu-
              mentation/cgroup-v1/net_cls.txt.

       blkio (since Linux 2.6.33; CONFIG_BLK_CGROUP)
              The blkio cgroup controls and limits access to  specified  block
              devices by applying IO control in the form of throttling and up-
              per limits against leaf nodes  and  intermediate  nodes  in  the
              storage hierarchy.

              Two  policies are available.  The first is a proportional-weight
              time-based division of disk implemented with CFQ.   This  is  in
              effect  for  leaf  nodes  using CFQ.  The second is a throttling
              policy which specifies upper I/O rate limits on a device.

              Further information can be found in the kernel source file Docu-
              mentation/cgroup-v1/blkio-controller.txt.

       perf_event (since Linux 2.6.39; CONFIG_CGROUP_PERF)
              This  controller  allows perf monitoring of the set of processes
              grouped in a cgroup.

              Further information can be  found  in  the  kernel  source  file
              tools/perf/Documentation/perf-record.txt.

       net_prio (since Linux 3.3; CONFIG_CGROUP_NET_PRIO)
              This  allows  priorities to be specified, per network interface,
              for cgroups.

              Further information can be found in the kernel source file Docu-
              mentation/cgroup-v1/net_prio.txt.

       hugetlb (since Linux 3.5; CONFIG_CGROUP_HUGETLB)
              This supports limiting the use of huge pages by cgroups.

              Further information can be found in the kernel source file Docu-
              mentation/cgroup-v1/hugetlb.txt.

       pids (since Linux 4.3; CONFIG_CGROUP_PIDS)
              This controller permits limiting the number of process that  may
              be created in a cgroup (and its descendants).

              Further information can be found in the kernel source file Docu-
              mentation/cgroup-v1/pids.txt.

       rdma (since Linux 4.11; CONFIG_CGROUP_RDMA)
              The RDMA controller permits limiting the use of RDMA/IB-specific
              resources per cgroup.

              Further information can be found in the kernel source file Docu-
              mentation/cgroup-v1/rdma.txt.

   Creating cgroups and moving processes
       A cgroup filesystem initially contains a single root cgroup, '/', which
       all  processes belong to.  A new cgroup is created by creating a direc-
       tory in the cgroup filesystem:

           mkdir /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu/cg1

       This creates a new empty cgroup.

       A process may be moved to this cgroup  by  writing  its  PID  into  the
       cgroup's cgroup.procs file:

           echo $$ > /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu/cg1/cgroup.procs

       Only one PID at a time should be written to this file.

       Writing  the  value 0 to a cgroup.procs file causes the writing process
       to be moved to the corresponding cgroup.

       When writing a PID into the cgroup.procs, all threads  in  the  process
       are moved into the new cgroup at once.

       Within  a  hierarchy,  a process can be a member of exactly one cgroup.
       Writing a process's PID to a cgroup.procs file automatically removes it
       from the cgroup of which it was previously a member.

       The  cgroup.procs  file  can  be read to obtain a list of the processes
       that are members of a cgroup.  The returned list of PIDs is not guaran-
       teed  to  be  in order.  Nor is it guaranteed to be free of duplicates.
       (For example, a PID may be recycled while reading from the list.)

       In cgroups v1, an individual thread can be moved to another  cgroup  by
       writing  its thread ID (i.e., the kernel thread ID returned by clone(2)
       and gettid(2)) to the tasks file in a cgroup directory.  This file  can
       be read to discover the set of threads that are members of the cgroup.

   Removing cgroups
       To  remove a cgroup, it must first have no child cgroups and contain no
       (nonzombie) processes.  So long as that is the case, one can simply re-
       move the corresponding directory pathname.  Note that files in a cgroup
       directory cannot and need not be removed.

   Cgroups v1 release notification
       Two files can be used to determine whether the kernel provides  notifi-
       cations  when  a  cgroup  becomes  empty.  A cgroup is considered to be
       empty when it contains no child cgroups and no member processes.

       A special file in the root directory  of  each  cgroup  hierarchy,  re-
       lease_agent, can be used to register the pathname of a program that may
       be invoked when a cgroup in the hierarchy becomes empty.  The  pathname
       of  the newly empty cgroup (relative to the cgroup mount point) is pro-
       vided as the sole command-line argument when the release_agent  program
       is  invoked.   The release_agent program might remove the cgroup direc-
       tory, or perhaps repopulate it with a process.

       The default value of the release_agent file is empty, meaning  that  no
       release agent is invoked.

       The content of the release_agent file can also be specified via a mount
       option when the cgroup filesystem is mounted:

           mount -o release_agent=pathname ...

       Whether or not the release_agent program is invoked when  a  particular
       cgroup  becomes  empty  is determined by the value in the notify_on_re-
       lease file in the corresponding cgroup directory.  If  this  file  con-
       tains  the  value 0, then the release_agent program is not invoked.  If
       it contains the value 1, the release_agent program is invoked.  The de-
       fault  value for this file in the root cgroup is 0.  At the time when a
       new cgroup is created, the value in this file  is  inherited  from  the
       corresponding file in the parent cgroup.

   Cgroup v1 named hierarchies
       In  cgroups  v1, it is possible to mount a cgroup hierarchy that has no
       attached controllers:

           mount -t cgroup -o none,name=somename none /some/mount/point

       Multiple instances of such hierarchies can be mounted;  each  hierarchy
       must  have  a  unique name.  The only purpose of such hierarchies is to
       track processes.  (See the discussion of release  notification  below.)
       An example of this is the name=systemd cgroup hierarchy that is used by
       systemd(1) to track services and user sessions.

       Since Linux 5.0, the cgroup_no_v1 kernel boot option (described  below)
       can  be  used  to  disable  cgroup  v1 named hierarchies, by specifying
       cgroup_no_v1=named.

CGROUPS VERSION 2
       In cgroups v2, all mounted controllers reside in a single unified hier-
       archy.  While (different) controllers may be simultaneously mounted un-
       der the v1 and v2 hierarchies, it is not possible  to  mount  the  same
       controller simultaneously under both the v1 and the v2 hierarchies.

       The  new behaviors in cgroups v2 are summarized here, and in some cases
       elaborated in the following subsections.

       1. Cgroups v2 provides a  unified  hierarchy  against  which  all  con-
          trollers are mounted.

       2. "Internal"  processes  are not permitted.  With the exception of the
          root cgroup, processes may reside only in leaf nodes  (cgroups  that
          do  not themselves contain child cgroups).  The details are somewhat
          more subtle than this, and are described below.

       3. Active cgroups must be specified via  the  files  cgroup.controllers
          and cgroup.subtree_control.

       4. The    tasks    file   has   been   removed.    In   addition,   the
          cgroup.clone_children file that is employed by the cpuset controller
          has been removed.

       5. An  improved mechanism for notification of empty cgroups is provided
          by the cgroup.events file.

       For more changes, see the Documentation/cgroup-v2.txt file in the  ker-
       nel source.

       Some of the new behaviors listed above saw subsequent modification with
       the addition in Linux 4.14 of "thread mode" (described below).

   Cgroups v2 unified hierarchy
       In cgroups v1, the ability to mount different controllers against  dif-
       ferent hierarchies was intended to allow great flexibility for applica-
       tion design.  In practice, though, the flexibility  turned  out  to  be
       less  useful than expected, and in many cases added complexity.  There-
       fore, in cgroups v2, all available controllers are  mounted  against  a
       single hierarchy.  The available controllers are automatically mounted,
       meaning that it is not necessary (or  possible)  to  specify  the  con-
       trollers when mounting the cgroup v2 filesystem using a command such as
       the following:

           mount -t cgroup2 none /mnt/cgroup2

       A cgroup v2 controller is available only if it is not currently in  use
       via  a  mount against a cgroup v1 hierarchy.  Or, to put things another
       way, it is not possible to employ the same controller against both a v1
       hierarchy and the unified v2 hierarchy.  This means that it may be nec-
       essary first to unmount a v1 controller  (as  described  above)  before
       that  controller  is available in v2.  Since systemd(1) makes heavy use
       of some v1 controllers by default, it can in some cases be  simpler  to
       boot  the  system  with  selected v1 controllers disabled.  To do this,
       specify the cgroup_no_v1=list option on the kernel boot  command  line;
       list  is a comma-separated list of the names of the controllers to dis-
       able, or the word all to disable all v1 controllers.   (This  situation
       is correctly handled by systemd(1), which falls back to operating with-
       out the specified controllers.)

       Note that on many modern systems, systemd(1) automatically  mounts  the
       cgroup2 filesystem at /sys/fs/cgroup/unified during the boot process.

   Cgroups v2 mount options
       The  following  options  (mount  -o) can be specified when mounting the
       group v2 filesystem:

       nsdelegate (since Linux 4.15)
              Treat cgroup namespaces as delegation boundaries.  For  details,
              see below.

       memory_localevents (since Linux 5.2)
              The memory.events should show statistics only for the cgroup it-
              self, and not for any descendant cgroups.  This was the behavior
              before  Linux  5.2.  Starting in Linux 5.2, the default behavior
              is  to  include  statistics  for  descendant  cgroups  in   mem-
              ory.events,  and  this mount option can be used to revert to the
              legacy behavior.  This option is system wide and can be  set  on
              mount  or  modified  through remount only from the initial mount
              namespace; it is silently ignored in noninitial namespaces.

   Cgroups v2 controllers
       The following controllers, documented in the kernel source  file  Docu-
       mentation/cgroup-v2.txt, are supported in cgroups version 2:

       cpu (since Linux 4.15)
              This  is  the  successor  to  the version 1 cpu and cpuacct con-
              trollers.

       cpuset (since Linux 5.0)
              This is the successor of the version 1 cpuset controller.

       freezer (since Linux 5.2)
              This is the successor of the version 1 freezer controller.

       hugetlb (since Linux 5.6)
              This is the successor of the version 1 hugetlb controller.

       io (since Linux 4.5)
              This is the successor of the version 1 blkio controller.

       memory (since Linux 4.5)
              This is the successor of the version 1 memory controller.

       perf_event (since Linux 4.11)
              This is the same as the version 1 perf_event controller.

       pids (since Linux 4.5)
              This is the same as the version 1 pids controller.

       rdma (since Linux 4.11)
              This is the same as the version 1 rdma controller.

       There is no direct equivalent of the net_cls and  net_prio  controllers
       from cgroups version 1.  Instead, support has been added to iptables(8)
       to allow eBPF filters that hook on cgroup v2 pathnames  to  make  deci-
       sions about network traffic on a per-cgroup basis.

       The  v2 devices controller provides no interface files; instead, device
       control is gated by attaching an eBPF (BPF_CGROUP_DEVICE) program to  a
       v2 cgroup.

   Cgroups v2 subtree control
       Each cgroup in the v2 hierarchy contains the following two files:

       cgroup.controllers
              This  read-only  file exposes a list of the controllers that are
              available in this cgroup.  The contents of this file  match  the
              contents  of  the  cgroup.subtree_control  file  in  the  parent
              cgroup.

       cgroup.subtree_control
              This is a list of controllers that are active (enabled)  in  the
              cgroup.   The set of controllers in this file is a subset of the
              set in the cgroup.controllers of this cgroup.  The set of active
              controllers is modified by writing strings to this file contain-
              ing space-delimited controller names, each preceded by  '+'  (to
              enable a controller) or '-' (to disable a controller), as in the
              following example:

                  echo '+pids -memory' > x/y/cgroup.subtree_control

              An attempt to  enable  a  controller  that  is  not  present  in
              cgroup.controllers  leads to an ENOENT error when writing to the
              cgroup.subtree_control file.

       Because the list of controllers in cgroup.subtree_control is  a  subset
       of those cgroup.controllers, a controller that has been disabled in one
       cgroup in the hierarchy can never be re-enabled in  the  subtree  below
       that cgroup.

       A  cgroup's  cgroup.subtree_control  file  determines  the  set of con-
       trollers that are exercised in the child cgroups.   When  a  controller
       (e.g.,  pids) is present in the cgroup.subtree_control file of a parent
       cgroup,  then  the  corresponding  controller-interface  files   (e.g.,
       pids.max)  are automatically created in the children of that cgroup and
       can be used to exert resource control in the child cgroups.

   Cgroups v2 "no internal processes" rule
       Cgroups v2 enforces a so-called "no internal processes" rule.   Roughly
       speaking,  this rule means that, with the exception of the root cgroup,
       processes may reside only in leaf nodes (cgroups that do not themselves
       contain  child  cgroups).  This avoids the need to decide how to parti-
       tion resources between processes which are members of cgroup A and pro-
       cesses in child cgroups of A.

       For  instance,  if cgroup /cg1/cg2 exists, then a process may reside in
       /cg1/cg2, but not in /cg1.  This is to avoid an ambiguity in cgroups v1
       with  respect  to the delegation of resources between processes in /cg1
       and its child cgroups.  The recommended approach in cgroups  v2  is  to
       create  a  subdirectory called leaf for any nonleaf cgroup which should
       contain processes, but no child cgroups.  Thus, processes which  previ-
       ously  would have gone into /cg1 would now go into /cg1/leaf.  This has
       the advantage of making explicit the relationship between processes  in
       /cg1/leaf and /cg1's other children.

       The  "no  internal  processes"  rule is in fact more subtle than stated
       above.  More precisely, the rule is that a (nonroot) cgroup can't  both
       (1)  have  member  processes,  and  (2) distribute resources into child
       cgroups--that is, have a nonempty cgroup.subtree_control  file.   Thus,
       it  is  possible  for  a cgroup to have both member processes and child
       cgroups, but before controllers can be enabled  for  that  cgroup,  the
       member  processes  must  be moved out of the cgroup (e.g., perhaps into
       the child cgroups).

       With the Linux 4.14 addition of "thread mode"  (described  below),  the
       "no internal processes" rule has been relaxed in some cases.

   Cgroups v2 cgroup.events file
       Each  nonroot  cgroup  in  the  v2 hierarchy contains a read-only file,
       cgroup.events, whose contents are key-value pairs (delimited by newline
       characters, with the key and value separated by spaces) providing state
       information about the the cgroup:

           $ cat mygrp/cgroup.events
           populated 1
           frozen 0

       The following keys may appear in this file:

       populated
              The value of this key is either 1, if this cgroup or any of  its
              descendants has member processes, or otherwise 0.

       frozen (since Linux 5.2)
              The  value  of this key is 1 if this cgroup is currently frozen,
              or 0 if it is not.

       The cgroup.events file can be monitored, in order to receive  notifica-
       tion when the value of one of its keys changes.  Such monitoring can be
       done using inotify(7), which notifies changes as IN_MODIFY  events,  or
       poll(2),  which  notifies  changes by returning the POLLPRI and POLLERR
       bits in the revents field.

   Cgroup v2 release notification
       Cgroups v2 provides a new mechanism for obtaining notification  when  a
       cgroup  becomes  empty.  The cgroups v1 release_agent and notify_on_re-
       lease files are removed, and replaced  by  the  populated  key  in  the
       cgroup.events  file.  This key either has the value 0, meaning that the
       cgroup (and its descendants) contain no (nonzombie)  member  processes,
       or 1, meaning that the cgroup (or one of its descendants) contains mem-
       ber processes.

       The cgroups v2 release-notification mechanism offers the following  ad-
       vantages over the cgroups v1 release_agent mechanism:

       *  It allows for cheaper notification, since a single process can moni-
          tor multiple cgroup.events files  (using  the  techniques  described
          earlier).   By  contrast,  the cgroups v1 mechanism requires the ex-
          pense of creating a process for each notification.

       *  Notification for different cgroup subhierarchies can be delegated to
          different  processes.   By contrast, the cgroups v1 mechanism allows
          only one release agent for an entire hierarchy.

   Cgroups v2 cgroup.stat file
       Each cgroup in the v2 hierarchy contains a read-only  cgroup.stat  file
       (first introduced in Linux 4.14) that consists of lines containing key-
       value pairs.  The following keys currently appear in this file:

       nr_descendants
              This is the total number of visible  (i.e.,  living)  descendant
              cgroups underneath this cgroup.

       nr_dying_descendants
              This  is the total number of dying descendant cgroups underneath
              this cgroup.  A  cgroup  enters  the  dying  state  after  being
              deleted.   It  remains  in  that  state  for an undefined period
              (which will depend on system load) while resources are freed be-
              fore  the  cgroup  is destroyed.  Note that the presence of some
              cgroups in the dying state is normal, and is not  indicative  of
              any problem.

              A  process can't be made a member of a dying cgroup, and a dying
              cgroup can't be brought back to life.

   Limiting the number of descendant cgroups
       Each cgroup in the v2 hierarchy contains the following files, which can
       be  used to view and set limits on the number of descendant cgroups un-
       der that cgroup:

       cgroup.max.depth (since Linux 4.14)
              This file defines a limit on the depth of nesting of  descendant
              cgroups.   A  value  of  0 in this file means that no descendant
              cgroups can be created.  An attempt to create a descendant whose
              nesting  level  exceeds the limit fails (mkdir(2) fails with the
              error EAGAIN).

              Writing the string "max" to this file means that no limit is im-
              posed.  The default value in this file is "max".

       cgroup.max.descendants (since Linux 4.14)
              This  file  defines  a  limit  on  the number of live descendant
              cgroups that this cgroup may have.  An attempt  to  create  more
              descendants than allowed by the limit fails (mkdir(2) fails with
              the error EAGAIN).

              Writing the string "max" to this file means that no limit is im-
              posed.  The default value in this file is "max".

CGROUPS DELEGATION: DELEGATING A HIERARCHY TO A LESS PRIVILEGED USER
       In  the context of cgroups, delegation means passing management of some
       subtree of the cgroup hierarchy to a nonprivileged  user.   Cgroups  v1
       provides support for delegation based on file permissions in the cgroup
       hierarchy but with less strict containment rules than v2 (as noted  be-
       low).   Cgroups v2 supports delegation with containment by explicit de-
       sign.  The focus of the discussion in this section is on delegation  in
       cgroups v2, with some differences for cgroups v1 noted along the way.

       Some  terminology is required in order to describe delegation.  A dele-
       gater is a privileged user (i.e., root) who owns a  parent  cgroup.   A
       delegatee  is  a nonprivileged user who will be granted the permissions
       needed to manage some subhierarchy under that parent cgroup,  known  as
       the delegated subtree.

       To  perform  delegation,  the  delegater  makes certain directories and
       files writable by the delegatee, typically by changing the ownership of
       the  objects to be the user ID of the delegatee.  Assuming that we want
       to delegate the hierarchy rooted at (say) /dlgt_grp and that there  are
       not  yet any child cgroups under that cgroup, the ownership of the fol-
       lowing is changed to the user ID of the delegatee:

       /dlgt_grp
              Changing the ownership of the root of the subtree means that any
              new  cgroups  created under the subtree (and the files they con-
              tain) will also be owned by the delegatee.

       /dlgt_grp/cgroup.procs
              Changing the ownership of this file means that the delegatee can
              move processes into the root of the delegated subtree.

       /dlgt_grp/cgroup.subtree_control (cgroups v2 only)
              Changing the ownership of this file means that the delegatee can
              enable controllers (that are  present  in  /dlgt_grp/cgroup.con-
              trollers)  in  order  to further redistribute resources at lower
              levels in the subtree.  (As an alternative to changing the  own-
              ership  of  this  file, the delegater might instead add selected
              controllers to this file.)

       /dlgt_grp/cgroup.threads (cgroups v2 only)
              Changing the ownership of this file is necessary if  a  threaded
              subtree  is  being  delegated  (see  the  description of "thread
              mode", below).  This permits the delegatee to write  thread  IDs
              to  the  file.   (The ownership of this file can also be changed
              when delegating a domain subtree, but currently this  serves  no
              purpose, since, as described below, it is not possible to move a
              thread between domain cgroups by writing its thread  ID  to  the
              cgroup.threads file.)

              In  cgroups  v1,  the  corresponding file that should instead be
              delegated is the tasks file.

       The delegater should not change the ownership of any of the  controller
       interfaces  files  (e.g.,  pids.max,  memory.high)  in dlgt_grp.  Those
       files are used from the next level above the delegated subtree in order
       to  distribute resources into the subtree, and the delegatee should not
       have permission to change the resources that are distributed  into  the
       delegated subtree.

       See  also  the  discussion  of  the /sys/kernel/cgroup/delegate file in
       NOTES for information about further delegatable files in cgroups v2.

       After the aforementioned steps have been performed, the  delegatee  can
       create child cgroups within the delegated subtree (the cgroup subdirec-
       tories and the files they contain will be owned by the  delegatee)  and
       move processes between cgroups in the subtree.  If some controllers are
       present in dlgt_grp/cgroup.subtree_control, or the  ownership  of  that
       file  was  passed  to the delegatee, the delegatee can also control the
       further redistribution of the corresponding resources  into  the  dele-
       gated subtree.

   Cgroups v2 delegation: nsdelegate and cgroup namespaces
       Starting with Linux 4.13, there is a second way to perform cgroup dele-
       gation in the cgroups v2 hierarchy.  This is done by  mounting  or  re-
       mounting  the  cgroup  v2  filesystem with the nsdelegate mount option.
       For example, if the cgroup v2 filesystem has already been  mounted,  we
       can remount it with the nsdelegate option as follows:

           mount -t cgroup2 -o remount,nsdelegate \
                            none /sys/fs/cgroup/unified

       The  effect of this mount option is to cause cgroup namespaces to auto-
       matically become delegation boundaries.  More specifically, the follow-
       ing restrictions apply for processes inside the cgroup namespace:

       *  Writes  to  controller  interface files in the root directory of the
          namespace will fail with the  error  EPERM.   Processes  inside  the
          cgroup  namespace  can  still write to delegatable files in the root
          directory  of  the  cgroup  namespace  such  as   cgroup.procs   and
          cgroup.subtree_control,  and  can create subhierarchy underneath the
          root directory.

       *  Attempts to migrate processes across the namespace boundary are  de-
          nied (with the error ENOENT).  Processes inside the cgroup namespace
          can still (subject to the containment rules  described  below)  move
          processes  between  cgroups  within the subhierarchy under the name-
          space root.

       The ability to define cgroup namespaces as delegation boundaries  makes
       cgroup  namespaces more useful.  To understand why, suppose that we al-
       ready have one cgroup hierarchy that has been delegated to a  nonprivi-
       leged  user,  cecilia,  using  the older delegation technique described
       above.  Suppose further that cecilia wanted to further delegate a  sub-
       hierarchy  under  the  existing delegated hierarchy.  (For example, the
       delegated hierarchy might be associated with an unprivileged  container
       run by cecilia.)  Even if a cgroup namespace was employed, because both
       hierarchies are owned by the unprivileged user cecilia,  the  following
       illegitimate actions could be performed:

       *  A  process  in the inferior hierarchy could change the resource con-
          troller settings in the root directory of  that  hierarchy.   (These
          resource controller settings are intended to allow control to be ex-
          ercised from the parent cgroup; a process inside  the  child  cgroup
          should not be allowed to modify them.)

       *  A  process  inside  the inferior hierarchy could move processes into
          and out of the inferior hierarchy if the cgroups in the superior hi-
          erarchy were somehow visible.

       Employing the nsdelegate mount option prevents both of these possibili-
       ties.

       The nsdelegate mount option only has an effect when  performed  in  the
       initial  mount  namespace;  in  other  mount  namespaces, the option is
       silently ignored.

       Note: On some systems, systemd(1) automatically mounts  the  cgroup  v2
       filesystem.   In  order to experiment with the nsdelegate operation, it
       may be useful to boot the kernel with the  following  command-line  op-
       tions:

           cgroup_no_v1=all systemd.legacy_systemd_cgroup_controller

       These  options cause the kernel to boot with the cgroups v1 controllers
       disabled (meaning that the controllers are available in the v2  hierar-
       chy),  and  tells systemd(1) not to mount and use the cgroup v2 hierar-
       chy, so that the v2 hierarchy can be manually mounted with the  desired
       options after boot-up.

   Cgroup delegation containment rules
       Some  delegation  containment  rules ensure that the delegatee can move
       processes between cgroups within the delegated subtree, but can't  move
       processes  from  outside the delegated subtree into the subtree or vice
       versa.  A nonprivileged process (i.e., the delegatee) can write the PID
       of  a "target" process into a cgroup.procs file only if all of the fol-
       lowing are true:

       *  The writer has write permission on the cgroup.procs file in the des-
          tination cgroup.

       *  The  writer  has  write  permission  on the cgroup.procs file in the
          nearest common ancestor of the source and destination cgroups.  Note
          that in some cases, the nearest common ancestor may be the source or
          destination cgroup itself.  This requirement  is  not  enforced  for
          cgroups  v1 hierarchies, with the consequence that containment in v1
          is less strict than in v2.  (For example, in  cgroups  v1  the  user
          that  owns  two distinct delegated subhierarchies can move a process
          between the hierarchies.)

       *  If the cgroup v2 filesystem was mounted with the nsdelegate  option,
          the  writer  must  be able to see the source and destination cgroups
          from its cgroup namespace.

       *  In cgroups v1: the effective UID of the writer (i.e., the delegatee)
          matches  the  real  user  ID  or the saved set-user-ID of the target
          process.  Before  Linux  4.11,  this  requirement  also  applied  in
          cgroups v2 (This was a historical requirement inherited from cgroups
          v1 that was later deemed unnecessary, since the other rules  suffice
          for containment in cgroups v2.)

       Note: one consequence of these delegation containment rules is that the
       unprivileged delegatee can't place the first process into the delegated
       subtree; instead, the delegater must place the first process (a process
       owned by the delegatee) into the delegated subtree.

CGROUPS VERSION 2 THREAD MODE
       Among the restrictions imposed by cgroups v2 that were not  present  in
       cgroups v1 are the following:

       *  No  thread-granularity control: all of the threads of a process must
          be in the same cgroup.

       *  No internal processes: a cgroup can't both have member processes and
          exercise controllers on child cgroups.

       Both  of  these  restrictions  were added because the lack of these re-
       strictions had caused problems  in  cgroups  v1.   In  particular,  the
       cgroups v1 ability to allow thread-level granularity for cgroup member-
       ship made no sense for some controllers.  (A notable  example  was  the
       memory  controller:  since  threads  share an address space, it made no
       sense to split threads across different memory cgroups.)

       Notwithstanding the initial design decision in cgroups v2,  there  were
       use  cases  for  certain  controllers,  notably the cpu controller, for
       which thread-level granularity of control was  meaningful  and  useful.
       To accommodate such use cases, Linux 4.14 added thread mode for cgroups
       v2.

       Thread mode allows the following:

       *  The creation of threaded subtrees in which the threads of a  process
          may  be  spread across cgroups inside the tree.  (A threaded subtree
          may contain multiple multithreaded processes.)

       *  The concept of threaded controllers, which can distribute  resources
          across the cgroups in a threaded subtree.

       *  A  relaxation of the "no internal processes rule", so that, within a
          threaded subtree, a cgroup can both contain member threads and exer-
          cise resource control over child cgroups.

       With  the  addition  of thread mode, each nonroot cgroup now contains a
       new file, cgroup.type, that exposes, and in some circumstances  can  be
       used  to change, the "type" of a cgroup.  This file contains one of the
       following type values:

       domain This is a normal v2  cgroup  that  provides  process-granularity
              control.   If  a  process  is  a member of this cgroup, then all
              threads of the process are (by definition) in the  same  cgroup.
              This  is the default cgroup type, and provides the same behavior
              that was provided for cgroups in the initial cgroups  v2  imple-
              mentation.

       threaded
              This  cgroup  is a member of a threaded subtree.  Threads can be
              added to this cgroup, and controllers can  be  enabled  for  the
              cgroup.

       domain threaded
              This  is  a  domain cgroup that serves as the root of a threaded
              subtree.  This cgroup type is also known as "threaded root".

       domain invalid
              This is a cgroup inside a threaded subtree that is  in  an  "in-
              valid"  state.  Processes can't be added to the cgroup, and con-
              trollers can't be enabled for the cgroup.  The only  thing  that
              can be done with this cgroup (other than deleting it) is to con-
              vert it to a threaded cgroup by writing the string "threaded" to
              the cgroup.type file.

              The  rationale  for  the existence of this "interim" type during
              the creation of a threaded subtree (rather than the kernel  sim-
              ply  immediately  converting all cgroups under the threaded root
              to the type threaded) is to allow for possible future extensions
              to the thread mode model

   Threaded versus domain controllers
       With  the  addition  of  threads mode, cgroups v2 now distinguishes two
       types of resource controllers:

       *  Threaded controllers: these controllers  support  thread-granularity
          for  resource  control  and can be enabled inside threaded subtrees,
          with the result that the  corresponding  controller-interface  files
          appear  inside  the  cgroups  in  the threaded subtree.  As at Linux
          4.19, the following controllers are threaded: cpu,  perf_event,  and
          pids.

       *  Domain controllers: these controllers support only process granular-
          ity for resource control.  From the perspective  of  a  domain  con-
          troller,  all  threads  of  a process are always in the same cgroup.
          Domain controllers can't be enabled inside a threaded subtree.

   Creating a threaded subtree
       There are two pathways that lead to the creation of a threaded subtree.
       The first pathway proceeds as follows:

       1. We  write  the string "threaded" to the cgroup.type file of a cgroup
          y/z that currently has the type domain.  This has the following  ef-
          fects:

          *  The type of the cgroup y/z becomes threaded.

          *  The  type  of the parent cgroup, y, becomes domain threaded.  The
             parent cgroup is the root of a threaded subtree  (also  known  as
             the "threaded root").

          *  All  other cgroups under y that were not already of type threaded
             (because they were inside already existing threaded subtrees  un-
             der  the new threaded root) are converted to type domain invalid.
             Any subsequently created cgroups under y will also have the  type
             domain invalid.

       2. We write the string "threaded" to each of the domain invalid cgroups
          under y, in order to convert them to the type threaded.  As a conse-
          quence  of  this  step, all threads under the threaded root now have
          the type threaded and the threaded subtree is now fully usable.  The
          requirement to write "threaded" to each of these cgroups is somewhat
          cumbersome, but allows for possible future extensions to the thread-
          mode model.

       The second way of creating a threaded subtree is as follows:

       1. In an existing cgroup, z, that currently has the type domain, we (1)
          enable one or more threaded controllers and (2)  make  a  process  a
          member  of  z.  (These two steps can be done in either order.)  This
          has the following consequences:

          *  The type of z becomes domain threaded.

          *  All of the descendant cgroups of x that were not already of  type
             threaded are converted to type domain invalid.

       2. As before, we make the threaded subtree usable by writing the string
          "threaded" to each of the domain invalid cgroups under y,  in  order
          to convert them to the type threaded.

       One  of  the  consequences of the above pathways to creating a threaded
       subtree is that the threaded root  cgroup  can  be  a  parent  only  to
       threaded  (and domain invalid) cgroups.  The threaded root cgroup can't
       be a parent of a domain cgroups, and a threaded  cgroup  can't  have  a
       sibling that is a domain cgroup.

   Using a threaded subtree
       Within  a threaded subtree, threaded controllers can be enabled in each
       subgroup whose type has been changed to threaded; upon  doing  so,  the
       corresponding controller interface files appear in the children of that
       cgroup.

       A process can be moved into a threaded subtree by writing  its  PID  to
       the  cgroup.procs file in one of the cgroups inside the tree.  This has
       the effect of making all of the threads in the process members  of  the
       corresponding  cgroup  and  makes  the process a member of the threaded
       subtree.  The threads of the process can  then  be  spread  across  the
       threaded  subtree  by  writing  their thread IDs (see gettid(2)) to the
       cgroup.threads files in different  cgroups  inside  the  subtree.   The
       threads of a process must all reside in the same threaded subtree.

       As  with  writing  to  cgroup.procs,  some containment rules apply when
       writing to the cgroup.threads file:

       *  The writer must have write permission on the cgroup.threads file  in
          the destination cgroup.

       *  The  writer  must  have write permission on the cgroup.procs file in
          the common ancestor of the source and destination cgroups.  (In some
          cases,  the  common ancestor may be the source or destination cgroup
          itself.)

       *  The source and destination cgroups must be in the same threaded sub-
          tree.   (Outside  a threaded subtree, an attempt to move a thread by
          writing its thread ID to the cgroup.threads file in a different  do-
          main cgroup fails with the error EOPNOTSUPP.)

       The  cgroup.threads  file  is  present in each cgroup (including domain
       cgroups) and can be read in order to discover the set of  threads  that
       is  present in the cgroup.  The set of thread IDs obtained when reading
       this file is not guaranteed to be ordered or free of duplicates.

       The cgroup.procs file in the threaded root shows the PIDs of  all  pro-
       cesses  that  are  members  of  the threaded subtree.  The cgroup.procs
       files in the other cgroups in the subtree are not readable.

       Domain controllers can't be enabled in  a  threaded  subtree;  no  con-
       troller-interface  files  appear  inside  the  cgroups  underneath  the
       threaded root.  From the point of view of a domain controller, threaded
       subtrees  are invisible: a multithreaded process inside a threaded sub-
       tree appears to a domain controller as a process that  resides  in  the
       threaded root cgroup.

       Within  a  threaded  subtree, the "no internal processes" rule does not
       apply: a cgroup can both contain member processes (or thread) and exer-
       cise controllers on child cgroups.

   Rules for writing to cgroup.type and creating threaded subtrees
       A number of rules apply when writing to the cgroup.type file:

       *  Only the string "threaded" may be written.  In other words, the only
          explicit transition that is possible is to convert a  domain  cgroup
          to type threaded.

       *  The  effect  of  writing  "threaded" depends on the current value in
          cgroup.type, as follows:

          o  domain or domain threaded: start the creation of a threaded  sub-
             tree  (whose  root is the parent of this cgroup) via the first of
             the pathways described above;

          o  domain invalid: convert this cgroup (which is inside  a  threaded
             subtree) to a usable (i.e., threaded) state;

          o  threaded: no effect (a "no-op").

       *  We  can't write to a cgroup.type file if the parent's type is domain
          invalid.  In other words, the cgroups of a threaded subtree must  be
          converted to the threaded state in a top-down manner.

       There are also some constraints that must be satisfied in order to cre-
       ate a threaded subtree rooted at the cgroup x:

       *  There can be no member processes in the  descendant  cgroups  of  x.
          (The cgroup x can itself have member processes.)

       *  No  domain  controllers may be enabled in x's cgroup.subtree_control
          file.

       If any of the above constraints is violated, then an attempt  to  write
       "threaded" to a cgroup.type file fails with the error ENOTSUP.

   The "domain threaded" cgroup type
       According  to  the  pathways  described above, the type of a cgroup can
       change to domain threaded in either of the following cases:

       *  The string "threaded" is written to a child cgroup.

       *  A threaded controller is enabled inside the cgroup and a process  is
          made a member of the cgroup.

       A domain threaded cgroup, x, can revert to the type domain if the above
       conditions no longer hold true--that is, if all threaded child  cgroups
       of  x  are  removed and either x no longer has threaded controllers en-
       abled or no longer has member processes.

       When a domain threaded cgroup x reverts to the type domain:

       *  All domain invalid descendants of x  that  are  not  in  lower-level
          threaded subtrees revert to the type domain.

       *  The  root cgroups in any lower-level threaded subtrees revert to the
          type domain threaded.

   Exceptions for the root cgroup
       The root cgroup of the v2 hierarchy is treated exceptionally: it can be
       the  parent  of  both  domain  and  threaded  cgroups.   If  the string
       "threaded" is written to the cgroup.type file of one of the children of
       the root cgroup, then

       *  The type of that cgroup becomes threaded.

       *  The  type  of  any  descendants  of that cgroup that are not part of
          lower-level threaded subtrees changes to domain invalid.

       Note that in this case, there is no cgroup whose  type  becomes  domain
       threaded.   (Notionally,  the  root  cgroup  can  be  considered as the
       threaded root for the cgroup whose type was changed to threaded.)

       The aim of this exceptional treatment for the root cgroup is to allow a
       threaded cgroup that employs the cpu controller to be placed as high as
       possible in the hierarchy, so  as  to  minimize  the  (small)  cost  of
       traversing the cgroup hierarchy.

   The cgroups v2 "cpu" controller and realtime threads
       As  at  Linux 4.19, the cgroups v2 cpu controller does not support con-
       trol of realtime threads (specifically threads scheduled under  any  of
       the   policies  SCHED_FIFO,  SCHED_RR,  described  SCHED_DEADLINE;  see
       sched(7)).  Therefore, the cpu controller can be enabled  in  the  root
       cgroup  only if all realtime threads are in the root cgroup.  (If there
       are realtime threads in nonroot cgroups, then a write(2) of the  string
       "+cpu" to the cgroup.subtree_control file fails with the error EINVAL.)

       On  some systems, systemd(1) places certain realtime threads in nonroot
       cgroups in the v2 hierarchy.  On such systems, these threads must first
       be moved to the root cgroup before the cpu controller can be enabled.

ERRORS
       The following errors can occur for mount(2):

       EBUSY  An attempt to mount a cgroup version 1 filesystem specified nei-
              ther the name= option (to mount a named hierarchy)  nor  a  con-
              troller name (or all).

NOTES
       A  child  process created via fork(2) inherits its parent's cgroup mem-
       berships.  A process's cgroup  memberships  are  preserved  across  ex-
       ecve(2).

       The  clone3(2)  CLONE_INTO_CGROUP  flag  can  be used to create a child
       process that begins its life in a different version 2 cgroup  from  the
       parent process.

   /proc files
       /proc/cgroups (since Linux 2.6.24)
              This  file  contains  information about the controllers that are
              compiled into the kernel.  An example of the  contents  of  this
              file (reformatted for readability) is the following:

                  #subsys_name    hierarchy      num_cgroups    enabled
                  cpuset          4              1              1
                  cpu             8              1              1
                  cpuacct         8              1              1
                  blkio           6              1              1
                  memory          3              1              1
                  devices         10             84             1
                  freezer         7              1              1
                  net_cls         9              1              1
                  perf_event      5              1              1
                  net_prio        9              1              1
                  hugetlb         0              1              0
                  pids            2              1              1

              The fields in this file are, from left to right:

              1. The name of the controller.

              2. The  unique  ID  of  the  cgroup hierarchy on which this con-
                 troller is mounted.  If multiple cgroups v1  controllers  are
                 bound to the same hierarchy, then each will show the same hi-
                 erarchy ID in this field.  The value in this field will be  0
                 if:

                   a) the controller is not mounted on a cgroups v1 hierarchy;

                   b) the controller is bound to the cgroups v2 single unified
                      hierarchy; or

                   c) the controller is disabled (see below).

              3. The number of control groups in  this  hierarchy  using  this
                 controller.

              4. This  field  contains  the  value 1 if this controller is en-
                 abled, or 0 if it has been disabled (via  the  cgroup_disable
                 kernel command-line boot parameter).

       /proc/[pid]/cgroup (since Linux 2.6.24)
              This file describes control groups to which the process with the
              corresponding PID belongs.  The  displayed  information  differs
              for cgroups version 1 and version 2 hierarchies.

              For  each  cgroup  hierarchy  of  which the process is a member,
              there is one entry containing three colon-separated fields:

                  hierarchy-ID:controller-list:cgroup-path

              For example:

                  5:cpuacct,cpu,cpuset:/daemons

              The colon-separated fields are, from left to right:

              1. For cgroups version 1  hierarchies,  this  field  contains  a
                 unique hierarchy ID number that can be matched to a hierarchy
                 ID in /proc/cgroups.  For the cgroups  version  2  hierarchy,
                 this field contains the value 0.

              2. For  cgroups  version  1  hierarchies,  this field contains a
                 comma-separated list of the controllers bound to the  hierar-
                 chy.   For  the  cgroups  version  2 hierarchy, this field is
                 empty.

              3. This field contains the pathname of the control group in  the
                 hierarchy  to  which  the  process belongs.  This pathname is
                 relative to the mount point of the hierarchy.

   /sys/kernel/cgroup files
       /sys/kernel/cgroup/delegate (since Linux 4.15)
              This file exports a list of the cgroups v2 files (one per  line)
              that are delegatable (i.e., whose ownership should be changed to
              the user ID of the delegatee).  In the future, the set of  dele-
              gatable  files  may change or grow, and this file provides a way
              for the kernel to inform user-space applications of which  files
              must  be  delegated.   As  at Linux 4.15, one sees the following
              when inspecting this file:

                  $ cat /sys/kernel/cgroup/delegate
                  cgroup.procs
                  cgroup.subtree_control
                  cgroup.threads

       /sys/kernel/cgroup/features (since Linux 4.15)
              Over time, the set of cgroups v2 features that are  provided  by
              the  kernel  may change or grow, or some features may not be en-
              abled by default.  This file provides a way for  user-space  ap-
              plications to discover what features the running kernel supports
              and has enabled.  Features are listed one per line:

                  $ cat /sys/kernel/cgroup/features
                  nsdelegate
                  memory_localevents

              The entries that can appear in this file are:

              memory_localevents (since Linux 5.2)
                     The kernel supports the memory_localevents mount option.

              nsdelegate (since Linux 4.15)
                     The kernel supports the nsdelegate mount option.

SEE ALSO
       prlimit(1), systemd(1),  systemd-cgls(1),  systemd-cgtop(1),  clone(2),
       ioprio_set(2),  perf_event_open(2), setrlimit(2), cgroup_namespaces(7),
       cpuset(7), namespaces(7), sched(7), user_namespaces(7)

       The kernel source file Documentation/admin-guide/cgroup-v2.rst.

COLOPHON
       This page is part of release 5.07 of the Linux  man-pages  project.   A
       description  of  the project, information about reporting bugs, and the
       latest    version    of    this    page,    can     be     found     at
       https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.

Linux                             2020-04-11                        CGROUPS(7)

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